The Great Gatsby And 1984 Analysis - 1927 Words

Karl Marx’s theory of Marxism suggest that the authority of the bourgeoisie comes from their control over the means of production in. In order to perpetuate their wealth and disguise their corrupt interior, they must oppress and exploit the proletariat through false consciousness. Both Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and George Orwell’s 1984 establishes societies that explores the Capitalism and Totalitarianism. George Orwell does that by setting 1984 in a futuristic totalitarian regime where the proletariat is under absolute control by the Party in order to eternalize their power over its citizens. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, describes the false consciousness imposed on the lower class of New York during the â€Å"Jazz Age† of the†¦show more content†¦Although liquor is prohibited for production except for medical usage, alcoholic beverages are still readily accessible. During Myrtle Wilson’s party, Nick Carraway describes that à ¢â‚¬Å"The bottle of whiskey- a second one- was now in constant demand by all present† (Fitzgerald, 36). The presence of illegal alcohol at the corners of every street signify the limited control the American government has over the actions of its citizens. In other words, the citizens of The Great Gatsby are free to challenge the authorities who enforce the laws. In addition to the strict surveillance used to control the state of Oceania, the Party induces fear into its citizens to dominate them mentally. After committing thoughtcrime by expressing his dissatisfaction with the Party in a forbidden diary, Winston expresses his terror for capture when he says that â€Å"[the] patrols did not matter, however. Only the Thought Police mattered† (Orwell, 4). Like Winston, citizens in Oceania are mentally crippled by the rumors about the Thought Police’s ruthlessness. The mysterious nature of the organization prevents the exercise of individuality freedom and choice by suppressing and crippling any free-thinking. Not only does the Party control the people physically with constant surveillance, they also attempt to take utter control over their mental state. In contrast, even law enforcers of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† lack a sense of morality and justice. When Gatsby was caught speeding by aShow MoreRelatedThe Decay of a Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Decay of a Dream in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚   The central theme of The Great Gatsby is the decay of the American Dream. Through his incisive analysis   and condemnation   of 1920s high society, Fitzgerald (in the person of the novel ¹s narrator, Nick Carraway) argues that the American Dream no longer signifies the noble pursuit of progress; instead, it has become grossly materialistic and corrupt. Fitzgerald ¹s novel is structured as an allegory (a story that conceals another story): the terribleRead MoreEvents Of Instruction And Evaluating The Learners764 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment the learners will complete an outline for the task. The students will create a literature theme topic from a literacy assignment. Sometimes it is difficult for students to become interested in literature, especially the classics. Mager (1984) goal analysis stated that when learners use creativity with an assignment, the learners are motivated to get interested and develop the project. This can help students because they can use their creativity to demonstrate their prior experience. 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The History Of Ancient Egypt Egyptology And The Concept...

Going beyond Katy Perry’s music video, Ancient Egypt is seen as an exotic place in contemporary tourism of Egypt. Many people go to Ancient Egypt because they know that there are geographical differences, mummies, pyramids, tombs and artifacts that seem foreign to many people living in the 21st century. In popular culture, Ancient Egypt seems like a lavish civilization in the middle of the desert. In many ways, the Ancient Egyptian culture draws in tourism for those who are curious about the Ancient Egyptian culture. They come into Egypt as tourists with preconceived notions about what Egypt is like, exacerbated by the misrepresentations from media. â€Å"Foreign Egypt: Egyptology and the Concept of Culture Appropriation†, written by Thomas Schneider, a researcher from The University of British Columbia , states, â€Å"Ancient Egypt cut off from the outside world†¦was able to develop and flourish on its own and consequently stuck to the traditions of its historic al identity† (Schneider, 2003). This concept of Ancient Egypt’s isolation addded to the exoticism because it was cut off from the rest of the world. This created a sense of mystery and a land of unknowing. This unknowing of another culture, is one way for people to misrepresent a culture, because they make generalizations and statements without actually having information about the culture. These generalizations are the catalysts for assumptions and cultural barriers because they are rooted in bias, and are through the lens of

Disease Trend free essay sample

Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services This research project will discuss how demographics disease trends affect the delivery of health care. We will begin with the current age of the United States Population and how changes will and our occurring within the next 10-20 years. Second, we will identify factors that support our environment and the demographic trends that are changing. We will provide examples of relevant disease and how the aging trend will increase or possibility decrease health issues. Within the next 10-20 years how the obesity rate will change from now to then. In turn, the paper will discuss the environmental, and demographics related to the obesity trend. We will also include diseases related to this health issue, and how this trend may increase or decrease health issues. Lastly we will discuss the future and how health care services will adapt to provide care for these trends and health issues related to certain ages. If current trends, continue, the population of the United States will rise to 438 million in 2050, from 296 million in 2005, and 82% of the increase will be due to immigrants arriving from 2005 to 2050 and their US born descendants, according to new projections developed by the Pew Research Center. † Www. pewsocialtrends. org. The United States population is growing older. The nation’s workforce is reflecting these demographic changes. However, with these new statistics employers are projecting labor shortages. The retention of current workers resulting in an increasing number of older adults in the workforce or risk of losing many experienced and knowledgeable workers to retirement or other pursuits† www. Center for Disease Control. com Some of the older workers have chronic diseases and resulting impairments that employers need to consider in developing their workplace health programs. To reduce health complications related to aging, we need to get involved in a n exercise routine, take vitamins, and eat healthier. As we age we need to keep our minds sharp. Keeping active both mentally and physically will help us age slower. There are diseases that as we age we need to be aware of some of them are; colon cancer, diabetes, and especially degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson’s. The degenerative diseases are extremely prevalent in the elder population. The United States population is based on two measures; they are estimates from the past, and projections supported by assumptions on future demographic trends. Projections assume what the future trends will be, and estimates gather information on existing data from several sources. There are 311 million people in the United States which is the third largest population. However, over the next two decades the population is estimated to be over 363 million people. By the year 2030, the people population will increase by 52 million. The United States largest part of growth is because of immigration. In the United States the largest disease that is becoming an epidemic is Obesity. According to statistics more than half of the population in the United States is considered obese. Obesity is an illness that has many factors that can be controlled and it also has factors in which the patient has no control over. Since the early 1900’s there are many forms of treatment that could be used. â€Å"Obesity is a disease that affects 60 percent of Americans in the United States. † In 2007, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted survey regarding obesity in the United States and found alarming results. † www. cdc. com However, the black American community had a 51 percent higher prevalence of obesity and Hispanics had 21 percent higher obesity prevalence compared with Caucasians. â€Å"In 2009, the same survey was conducted and was found that there are thirty three states where 25 percent of the population is obese†. (www. dc. com) in nine of those states, there was an increase of 30 percent of the population obese. The biggest and most important challenge that could be done is to lose weight. Once you are obese our organs partake in extra pressure and stress that they do not need. With all of the extra fat our heart suffers because they are surround in lay ers of fat, and the liver, intestine, lungs and everything else. The delivery of health care services has changed and improved tremendously over the years. Today the health care system has prolonged life expectancy, quality of life, and it has happened due to the people becoming more nowledgeable. People face the challenge everyday of cost, accessibility, and quality is a challenge that they face in order to provide the people with healthcare. There are organizations that have helped provide the nation with health care information to inform about diseases that can affect the population and prevent certain illness and diseases. In the early 1900’s, which at that time the public health departments were dealing with a tremendous amount of infectious diseases. Some of these infectious diseases were’ tuberculosis, mumps, influenza, small pox, cholera, and even chicken pox. They were also dealing with outbreaks of viral and bacterial infections which had no treatments. Over the last 100 years almost all of those diseases have been controlled by vaccinations. The development of antibiotics helped revolutionize medicine, making bacterial infections curable. The advancement of medicine has expanded treatment options for just about everything including but not limited to, infectious diseases, auto immune disorders, heart disease, diabetes, and other disorders. Some of the factors that are affecting health care delivery are related to each individual patient. Their finances are the biggest factor. However, the physician, and their communication with him or her, and their race, gender and ethnicity. â€Å"The United States is facing a crisis of epic proportions in health care delivery†. The crisis is appearing on many fronts simultaneously; a funding gap, a human resource gap, an energy gap, and a carbon gap. http://www. fastcodesign. com/1663450/for-the-future-of-health-care. Today’s health care delivery system was developed in an era of infectious disease, trauma, technological breakthroughs, and the rise of medical education. In today’s society it is not affordable using the health care delivery system. â€Å"In a future with increased instances of extreme weather, health care facilities should be equipped to deliver essential medical and public health services. † There are four key components of Health Care Delivery system. These components are; financing, insurance, delivery, and payments. Financing is the largest factor of health care delivery because it often requires costly diagnostic tests and procedures and or lengthy hospital stays.

The Confucian gentleman Essay Example

The Confucian gentleman Paper The Confucian gentleman has high standards for being a man in which the virtues that would be able to perfect society are implemented; the said virtues being humility, magnanimity, sincerity, diligence, graciousness, self-respect, generosity, and benevolence. With such standards to aid society as a whole as well as achieve ones own happiness, the components of the gentleman is to be known, and if According to the standards within the Lin Yu, has the Confucian gentleman survived to present time? In order to come to a conclusion, research was done on not only the characteristics Confucius and his pupil deemed the gentleman to posses, in essence the virtues, as well as how it progressed through time in analysis of other philosophies. The Ancient Days of Athens and the early Hellenistic period were analyzed with the works of the Platonists and the creator of Epicureanism, to see the courageous step in upholding personal justice, virtues and morals to seek ones own happiness. One of the most influential philosophers of the Middle ages, Thomas Aquinas is then studied as well to see that in his cardinal virtues; prudence, temperance, courage, and justice, the Gentleman may not only exist but even part the Golden rule which was a huge component of his. The Age of Enlightenment is then discerned with its scientific mind of Kant and the path of happiness stated by dHolbach, bringing forth a more general view on the virtues needed for happiness and becoming a true man. We will write a custom essay sample on The Confucian gentleman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Confucian gentleman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Confucian gentleman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The present is then inquired with interviews of current day society, resulting in the presence of the Confucian Gentleman, though different in form and thought, despite all the time, having each era concur with its existence, the idea of the Gentleman lives on. Introduction Since the beginning of time man has always been the dominant figure in all of history. It is man who rules, wages war, and works hard to someday attain peace, honor and pride as well as any other thing that is considered a necessity of life. Over the millennia people have evolved in a way beyond the basics of physical aspects and have reached levels of insight that have spread over many regions, that which are withheld and respected; an example of this is the makings of man. In ancient China, circa 500 B. C, there lived a man who was known as the first teacher, Kung Fu tze, or more commonly known in English as Confucius (circa 551-479 BC), a wise man regarded as a famous sage and a social philosopher. A most notable conduct that he had taught was the essence of a true man, the epitome of all good and virtuous, a gentleman. Confucius had written four famous books that are read and following his teachings; the Lun Yi , also known as Confuciuss Analects. In every era, including now, man has tried to understand and find what is needed to become a True Man, someone to be revered and helpful, in order to gain a sense of happiness and achievement. Men try to become more manly or gentleman-like to rise in society. This same instance arose in China with Confucius descriptions of becoming a gentleman, and it was his gentleman that was sought after by thousands of followers. From that the question arises; if the ideas, the virtues the Confucian Gentleman followed were to be interpreted differently due to such differences between Eastern and Western philosophy, as well as the possibility of favoring other virtues, has the Confucian gentleman survived to present day? With that knowledge, one could see the present methods to reach Gentleman status and whether society can be aided with those characteristics. The Confucian Gentleman Before the Western philosophers are to be analyzed on their individual accounts, an in-depth premise must be set for the Confucian gentleman and thus compared after seeing the virtues it holds. First off, it must be noted that virtues are what they are in ethics alone, and by their implications, ethics and morals are defined and instituted. The teachings of Confucius hold three terms; in Chinese, the terms used in his writings are Li, Jen and Chn-Tzu; Li having many translations but considered as either of the following: propriety, reverence, courtesy, ritual or the ideal standard of conduct, where the most appropriate definition would be propriety, taken from the Latin propius, which means making ones own, thus the other definitions would follow suit with the virtues which would be passed on (Aarweb, N.D. ). Jen is the idea of humaneness, goodness, benevolence or man-to-manness (McDowell Stewart, 2006), it is the virtue of goodness and benevolence that makes his ethics a moral system and therein the creation of the Golden Rule (aka the Silver Rule) which Confucius later on summarizes in his Analects: Do not do to others what you would not like them to do to you. (Analects 15:23) [NOTE: Due to multiple versions of the translated Lun , the specific chapters and verses listed are to not be dependant with other versions] (Zukeran, 2002); and finally, Chi n-Tzu, translated as the gentleman, true manhood, the superior man, and man-at-his-best, the ultimate aim of Confucius teachings. Under the laws of Li and Jen one aims to become a Chi n-Tzu, being in social relations on an ethical base driven by virtues alone that would thus, if all would be brought together, create peace. Now as aforementioned, they are they are the virtues that hold dominion over the defining characteristic of the gentleman have no precise definition, thus some verses from the Lun Yi must be observed. First, it is to be established that the Confucian Gentleman practiced the following: self-respect, generosity, sincerity, persistence, and benevolence (Zukeran, 2002). Confucius had also said: He who in this world can practice five things may indeed be considered man-at-his-best. What are they? They are humility, magnanimity, sincerity, diligence, and graciousness. If you are humble, you will not be laughed at. If you are magnanimous, you will attract many to your side. If you are sincere, people will trust you. If you are gracious, you will get along well with your subordinates. It is this type of man who can transform society into the peaceful state it was meant to be. (McDowell Stewart, 2006). The following verses from the Lun Yi also provide further insight into the Confucian gentleman: 12:2-Chung-kung asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, It is, when you go abroad, to behave to everyone as if you were receiving a great guest; to employ the people as if you were assisting at a great sacrifice; not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself; to have no murmuring against you in the country and none in the family. Chung-kung said, Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigor, I will make it my business to practice this lesson. (Velasquez, 2005) 12:1-Yen Yuan asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, To subdue ones self and return to propriety, is perfect virtue. If a man can for one day subdue himself and return to propriety all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him. Is the practice of perfect virtue then from a man himself or is it from the other? Yen Yuan said, I beg to ask the steps of the process. The Master replied, Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not to what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety. Yen Yuan then said, Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigor, I will make it my business to practice this lesson. (Velasquez, 2005) With those, the gentleman is seen as said, a man-of-manness, living bounded to reciprocity and expressing the virtues in which one can not only move himself closer to the gentleman status, but which can also benefit those around himself with the altruistic mind set which the said Confucian gentleman would carry about himself in the search and keeping of perfect virtue; Confucius stating, A gentleman needs to have three basic characters, which I have not lived up to. Be benevolent with no worry; be wise with no bepuzzlement; be courageous with no fear as well as being unlike an implement, bringing aid by his benevolence and with the wisdom he has attained, fearing no situation or obstacle in his path despite the place he is visiting or living in(Csymbol, 2001). With such strict yet admirable standards, the Confucian Gentleman could have not possibly survived over the centuries with all the change in cultures and thinking.

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway Runaway,  by the Nobel Prize-winning Canadian author Alice Munro, tells the story of a young woman who refuses a chance to escape a bad marriage. The story debuted in the August 11, 2003,  issue of The New Yorker. It also appeared in Munros 2004 collection by the same name. You can ​read the story for free on The New Yorkers website. Multiple Runaways Runaway people, animals, and emotions abound in the story. The wife, Carla, is twice a runaway. When she was 18 and college-bound, she ran off to marry her husband, Clark, against her parents  wishes and has been estranged from them since. And now, getting on a bus to Toronto, she runs away a second time- this time from Clark. Carlas beloved white goat, Flora, also appears to be a runaway, having inexplicably disappeared shortly before the start of the story. (By the end of the story, though, it seems likely that Clark has been trying to get rid of the goat all along.) If we think of runaway  as meaning out of control  (as in runaway train),  other examples come to mind in the story. First, there is Sylvia Jamiesons runaway emotional attachment to Carla (what Sylvias friends describe dismissively as an inevitable crush on a girl). There is also Sylvias runaway involvement in Carlas life, pushing her along a path that Sylvia imagines is best for Carla, but which she is, perhaps, not ready for or doesnt really want. Clark and Carlas marriage seems to be following a runaway trajectory. Finally, there is Clarks runaway temper, carefully documented early in the story, that threatens to become truly dangerous when he goes to Sylvias house in the night to confront her about encouraging Carlas departure. Parallels Between Goat and Girl Munro describes the goats behavior in ways that mirror Carlas relationship with Clark. She writes: At first she had been Clark’s pet entirely, following him everywhere, dancing for his attention. She was as quick and graceful and provocative as a kitten, and her resemblance to a guileless girl in love had made them both laugh. When Carla first left home, she behaved much in the starry-eyed manner of the goat. She was filled with giddy delight  in her pursuit of a more authentic kind of life  with Clark. She was impressed by his good looks, his colorful employment history, and everything about him that ignored her. Clarks repeated suggestion that Flora might have just gone off to find herself a billy  obviously parallels Carlas running away from her parents to marry Clark. Whats especially troubling about this parallel is that the first time Flora disappears, she is lost but still alive. The second time she disappears, it seems almost certain that Clark has killed her. This suggests that Carla is going to be in a much more dangerous position for having returned to Clark. As the goat matured, she changed alliances. Munro writes, But as she grew older she seemed to attach herself to Carla, and in this attachment, she was suddenly much wiser, less skittish- she seemed capable, instead, of a subdued and ironic sort of humor. If Clark has, in fact, killed the goat (and it seems likely he has),  it is symbolic of his commitment to killing off any of Carlas impulses to think or act independently- to be anything but the guileless girl in love  who married him. Carla’s Responsibility Though Clark is clearly presented as a murderous, stultifying force, the story also places some of the responsibility for Carlas situation on Carla herself. Consider the way Flora allows Clark to pet her, even though he may have been responsible for her original disappearance and is probably about to kill her. When Sylvia tries to pet her, Flora puts her head down as if to butt. Goats are unpredictable,  Clark tells Sylvia. They can seem tame but they’re not really. Not after they grow up.  His words seem to apply to Carla, as well. She has behaved unpredictably, siding with Clark, who was causing her distress, and butting  Sylvia by exiting the bus and forgoing the escape Sylvia has offered. For Sylvia, Carla is a girl who needs guidance and saving, and it is hard for her to imagine that Carlas choice to return to Clark was the choice of an adult woman. Is she grown up?  Sylvia asks Clark about the goat. She looks so small. Clarks answer is ambiguous: She’s as big as she’s ever going to get.  This suggests that Carlas being grown up  might not look like Sylvias definition of grown up.  Eventually, Sylvia comes to see Clarks point. Her letter of apology to Carla even explains that she made the mistake of thinking somehow that Carlas freedom and happiness were the same thing. Clarks Pet Entirely On first reading, you might expect that just as the goat shifted alliances from Clark to Carla, Carla, too, might have changed alliances, believing more in herself and less in Clark. Its certainly what Sylvia Jamieson believes. And its what common sense would dictate, given the way Clark treats Carla. But Carla defines herself entirely in terms of Clark. Munro writes: While she was running away from him- now- Clark still kept his place in her life. But when she was finished running away, when she just went on, what would she put in his place? What else- who else- could ever be so vivid a challenge? And it is this challenge that Carla preserves by holding out against the temptation  to walk to the edge of the woods- to the place where she saw the buzzards- and confirm that Flora was killed there. She doesnt want to know.

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS

How to Write an Amazon Book Description That SELLS How to Write an Amazon Book Description That Sells Selling books is a result of two factors: traffic and conversion. While the Amazon book description won't affect traffic (i.e., discoverability), it's one of the most important conversion factors (along with the cover, the reviews, and the "look-inside").For example, author Alessandra Torre self-published her first book on Amazon in 2012, and for the first three months of the release, she sold between five and fifteen copies a day. Then, on a whim, she changed the blurb on her Amazon page and saw her daily sales jump to 300 overnight. Her sales kept doubling to the point where she was selling 2,000 copies a day!What does this tell us? That optimizing your book description for online retailers is critical if you want to actually move copies. In this post on how to write a book description, we’ve condensed the process - for both fiction and non-fiction authors - into three steps:1. The Headline: Hook readers inAmazon only displays the first few lines of your product description, meaning you have very limited space to capture a reader’s attention enough to click on your book and find out more. That’s the role of the headline: if a reader’s attention isn’t grabbed straight off the bat, then you’ve already lost them.Having an effusive and descriptive pull quote for your first line is really effective, and you’ll see the technique used time and again by bestsellers and newcomers alike. Whether your reviews are editorial or reader reviews from Amazon or Goodreads, add them into your description. Word-of-mouth recommendations are great conversion tools.However, if you don’t have any suitable reviews or sales stats to speak of (yet), make sure that your first sentence fea tures a snappy, irresistible hook. The key to a good headline is to include keywords that people on the hunt for their next read will immediately recognize. This could be:GenreMajor themesA series nameAwardsBrands or celebrities involvedTIPS FOR FICTION†¦Here’s an example of a self-publishing author using social validation to hook readers in. â€Å"The million-selling series starts here,† it says, letting readers know that these books are really popular.Sincero’s description uses slightly more formal language for the previous sections of the Amazon page, while she’s still laying the groundwork for acquiring reader trust. She closes the deal by speaking more directly and causally to the reader, and appealing to emotion. They reiterate what readers will get out of the book and invite you to dive in.Tip for optimizing your wrap-up for Amazon: Don’t wait for people to leave reviews on your Amazon page - put them right in the book description your self. The wrap-up is a great place to include them, and if you already have a relationship with some of your reviewers, you can always ask them if you can amend their review slightly to include any keywords you haven’t hit yet. The three steps for writing an Amazon book description that sells. #pubtips And there you have it! Work on your attention-grabbing headline, your enticing blurb, your final selling points and you’ve got yourself an ace book description in the making. It might take a few tries to get it right, but it's more than worth the investment.Of course, if you find that your book is still underperforming even after revising your description, consider working with a professional who specializes in blurb and metadata optimization. These experts understand all the trends and techniques that go into a perfect description and can really help maximize your book's potential! When it comes to Amazon, your blurb and metadata are so important that you don't want to take a chance - so when in doubt, go pro.Have you picked up any of your own tricks for an effective Amazon book description? Leave any questions or thoughts in the comments below!

Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnicity - Essay Example These problems when studied under scientific observation can help in countering the problem. The ethnic groups are so diverse and widely distributed; this diversity leads to various ethnic conflicts and problems. Today, Ethnic conflict is recognized as one of the major social conflicts internationally. In order to address the problem properly and dig out its solution there is a need of clear understanding of theories and concepts that can solve the conflict. This paper observes the contemporary conceptual and theoretical debates that are related to the ethnic clash. It shows some advantages and disadvantages of the disputes that have prevailed in the recent times in the ethnic conflict analysis. Social sciences scholars view the concept in different ways; some of them consider it an entity that is objective and has its own characteristic boundaries, while other social science scholars view it from subjective aspect vulnerable to change. (Hussein) Viewed from the objective perspective, ethnic group is a category of the population of humans that shares some attributes as common. These attributes can be in common in the form of language, culture, origin etc. this common entity also proves as distinguished characteristic based on one common entity. Subjective perspective sees these groups as a flexible and changing phenomenon which can be doomed to the alteration through the interaction of an ethnic group. The prevailing circumstances determine the information and symbol of an ethnic group which is socially constructed as fluid identity. Another issue that makes the understanding of the concept difficult is the issue of having different derivatives for the same meaning. The world race, ethnicity and culture and their various derivatives are very familiar. People tend to confuse these terms with each other. In the absence of appropriate analytical vocabulary it is not able to

Emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emails - Essay Example Use professional signatures, not elaborate ones. Signatures should contain information about yourself in relation to your position and department, and how you can be contacted (your cellphone number, extension number or direct line). Reply promptly and accordingly to messages that need a reply. This is to inform the sender that you have read and understood the message he has sent. However, be cautious when replying. Do not use the reply-to-all button if the information you are sending is for the sender only. Business e-mail addresses include the name of our company. Your signatures contain the name of our company. Be careful in sending out e-mails to people outside of your department and our company since our e-mail address is connected to the reputation of our company. You carry the name of your department and our company when sending out e-mails. You carry our reputation through sent messages. And it is important that we protect our company’s name so that our business will go on according to our mission, vision and goal. E-mails are part of doing our business. It is important that each one of us uses it with care and responsibility since it shows a glimpse of the policies and the communication style we have in our company. This policy serves as a reminder for everyone using e-mails. I hope that this would be a start of creating a new and more professional way of writing, sending out and replying to our e-mails. If you have any questions or clarifications, please do not hesitate to send back a reply. Emphasizing the importance of professionalism in using e-mails is the focal point of the policy. Since the e-mail is used as a major form of communication in companies, it is important to emphasize that it should be used with care. It is important to consider the reader and how he will react to an e-mail message by determining the appropriate language (Jerz & Bauer, 2008). Quality is

Measuring and Managing Customer Relationships Essay Example for Free

Measuring and Managing Customer Relationships Essay Some companies have highly sophisticated analytic systems that allow them to estimate these parameters based on the demographic characteristics of a potential or newly-acquired customer. The analytics help guide the companies’ promotion strategies and campaigns to attract customers with the highest expected lifetime value. For example, RBC Financial Group in Canada uses an analytic model of a customer’s future profitability based on age, tenure with the bank, number of products and services already used at the bank, and the customer’s potential to purchase additional products and services, grow account balances, and generate fee-based income. 1 The bank assigns a personal account representative to its estimated high lifetime value customers, ensures that their phone calls get picked up quickly, and provides them with ready access to credit at attractive terms. 6-31The net promoter score is likely to have the greatest predictive power for repeat purchases and growth in business-to-customer settings where customers have frequent interactions with companies. The score is likely to have the least predictive power in business-to-business settings where purchasing decisions are made by highly sophisticated professionals. In this case, it is better to ask, â€Å"How likely is it that you will continue to purchases products or services from Company X? † CASES 6-32The responses below are based on â€Å"Survival Strategies: After Cost Cutting, Companies Turn Toward Price Increases,† by Timothy Aeppel, The Wall Street Journal (September 18, 2002, p. A1). (a)Jergens’ president based the price on what he determined to be the cost of producing the order of 10 odd-sized fasteners from scratch. The cost included setup for the odd size and overtime labor. The company actually produced the odd-sized fasteners by producing full-size fasteners and then shortening 10. This method was less costly than setting up the equipment to run a small batch of the required odd size. (b)Goodyear had been rewarding its sales force based on volume, providing an incentive for the sales force to deeply discount prices to large distributors. The discounts were so substantial that the large distributors could resell the tires to smaller distributors (even with transportation costs to other regions), reducing Goodyear’s sales at higher prices to smaller distributors. Goodyear responded by cutting the discounts to large distributors, removing discount approval authority from the sales force and transferring it to a â€Å"tactical pricing group† that determines whether Goodyear can profitably match a competitor’s prices. Goodyear also modified its sales force bonus scheme to include a â€Å"revenue per tire† metric. (c)Emerson discovered that customers were willing to pay about 20% more than Emerson’s initially proposed cost-based price of $2,650 for a new compact sensor. Emerson priced the sensor at $3,150. Note that the article does not provide information on how Emerson determined product costs that it used as a basis for its markups. A traditional cost system is more likely to undercost a low-volume or customized product because it allocates manufacturing support costs to products based on unit-level drivers. An activity-based costing system more accurately assigns costs based on resource usage. (d)Wildeck, â€Å"a maker of metal guard rails, mezzanines and material lifts for factories and warehouses,† promoted packages that included installing its products. The installations bring higher profit than parts catalog sales. Wildeck responded to a competitor’s lower-priced storage-rack protector by developing its own â€Å"lite† version and pricing it much lower than the competitor’s price. When customers called about purchasing the lite version, they were informed of the benefits of the original version, and most of these customers bought the original version. An accurate costing system, such as a good activity-based costing system that includes both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs of providing goods and services to customers, provides reasonably precise information to managers for making decisions about the mix of products and services to offer to customers and prices to charge in order to generate the desired level of profitability. (e)Union Pacific introduced a minimum price that was higher than a third of its customers paid. The company was not concerned if it lost these customers because customers who were paying higher prices would fill up the newly free space. Dropping unprofitable customers will not lead to an immediate increase in profit if the associated capacity-related costs are committed costs and the resources cannot be put to other profitable use.

English Language and Literature in the Middle ages Essay -- essays pap

English Language and Literature in the Middle ages English Society of the Middle Ages saw many developments and new trends, but none so plainly as the developments witnessed in the Language and Literature of that time. It began with the Norman Conquest: eloquent french words substituted for the â€Å"harsh† saxon equivalents, primarily in the upper levels of society. Literature began to reflect these changes in the language, and continued to evolve throughout the Renissance. Together, these aspects helped define the Middle Ages. The Norman Conquest took place in 1066 with the death of King Edward. William of Normandy, later to be reffered to as â€Å"The Conquerer†, fought King Harold in order to claim the crown in Britian. Succeeding, William integrated Norman life into the Old English culture, concentrating in the higher courts and plitical scene. This integration of the Norman culture then filtered down to the underclass. The developmental trends of the English Language can be clearly seen in the literature of the time. Geoffrery Chaucer, who’s works were a precursor to t...

Week disscuison

These programs cover the range of management issues from traditional MBA functional areas to the development of strategic visioning skills. Other sources of management development activities include raining vendors, consultants, and professional associations. The principal advantages of externally based programs are as follows: They expose managers to the current thinking and theory in management. They remove organizational constraints in exploring new approaches. They allow interchange of ideas among managers from different organizational backgrounds.They cost less per person than internally developed programs. The benefits of the two types of development actives per the notes from week SIS'S lecture that would affect employee performance within a management training program are as follows: Job rotation Helps employee development by perhaps providing an alternative career path Gives employees diverse skills, and increases their flexibility within the organization Higher productivity , greater creativity, and an energize work force are all possible outcomes.Team Building Improves group effectiveness Improve decision making Improves interaction with others The two effects of employee development from the scenario are increased productivity and employee retention. XX, B. B. A. , HARM â€Å"Managers' Development† Please respond to the following: Identify two to three typical roles and / or characteristics that set managers apart from rank, ND-file staff. Then, develop one or two instructional strategies to address the identified roles / characteristics within comprehensive management training.Predict two trends in management education training, and analyze their potential effects on the overall training and development field. According to text quoted directly from the course material on chapter 11 pages 411-412, the two types of characteristics that set managers apart from rank and file staff are as follows: CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS conceptual knowled ge and skills are the mental abilities required to analyze and diagnose complex situations and sake correct decisions. They are essential and common to all (or nearly all) management positions.The following requirements are most frequently cited: Planning and Decision Making Being aware Of decision-making alternatives and being skilled in their use Setting priorities Forecasting events Integrating organizational policies, procedures, and objectives Adapting to legal, social, and political environments Organizing Developing appropriate organizational structures Coordinating separate but interrelated activities Scheduling activities to reach time, efficiency, and quality goals Allocating sources to maximize return on investment.Controlling Knowing how to apply various control systems Developing control systems Developing and supporting initiatives Developing policy, procedures, and objectives INTERPERSONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Interpersonal knowledge and skills, often called â€Å"hu man† skills, refer to the ability to work with, understand, and motivate others, both individually and in groups. As Midwinter's research indicates, managers spend most Of their time interacting with others. It is primarily the managers interpersonal skills and knowledge of human behavior that determine her success in influencing others and developing information networks.Examples of knowledge and skill elements in this category include the following: Understanding individual differences Motivating subordinates Developing subordinates Building a work team and providing team leadership Managing conflict constructively Adjusting behavior to fit situational demands (behavioral flexibility) Presenting a position in a compelling fashion (persuasion) Listening effectively Showing awareness of social cues Maintaining objectivity in social situations Globalization may enable more leadership programsSome employers have global aspect in its leadership development strategies, but many or ganizations find they must remain competitive or lose out in an increasingly integrated, ruthless global marketplace. Organizations will embrace development and training to enable workforce loyalty. Organizations are taking on the challenge of employee turnover and with this, senior leadership will look for HER groups to form a strategic relationship with high quality better performing employee and embrace training and development as a source to better engagement and retention. Compensating Expatriates† Please respond to the following:Analyze the issues and considerations that impact expatriate compensation to determine the single biggest challenge in setting compensation. Provide specific examples to support your response. From the e-Activity, determine which cultural characteristics should be considered when establishing a compensation program for a U. S. Company planning to locate in the country you researched. Provide specific examples to support your response. Use the Int ernet or the Strayed Library to research a foreign country of your choice (excluding Canada), with a focus on that country cultural characteristics.Be prepared to discuss. According to the course material, expatriates are U. S. Citizens employed in U. S. Companies with work assignments outside the United States. Selection of Expatriates There is inflated cost to employers wishing to hire expatriates that can have an overall effect to their bottom line. It would be essential from a business perspective, especially considering the fact that my organization would be investing thousands of dollars On relocating an expatriate and their family temporarily. Expatriates can be screened mentally for mental competence to adapt in a foreign culture.An expatriates failed assignment in another country can be as high as $250,000. 00 and the failure rate can be high due to inability to the works family to adjust, the worker's motivation Of an international assignment, unrealistic expectation, rese ntment or lack of support from home internationals. Compensation Compensation and other forms of pay would be something that employers HER teams would have to also consider. Compensation does not only mean direct salary for work performed. Of course tax equalization systems so that income can be comparable to what pay would be in the home country.A worker relocating to a country for long term assignment of two years would want to be compensated because they will have to relearn customs, cultures in addition to being away from friends and loved ones. Workers returning to their home country with old positions and status may not be the same as their assignments in other countries. This could cause hardship for the expatriate returning back to the US. From the e-Activity the foreign country that researched was the United Kingdom. The cultural characteristics that should be considered when establishing compensation programs for a U.S many planning to locate to the UK are as follows: Cons umer Prices Consumer prices in goods and services are about 33% higher than in the united States which can cause a significant impact on an organizations bottom dollar. For example, an average basic monthly utility bill for electricity, heating, water and garbage for a two bedroom flat in the UK will be about $248. 39 USED or 148. 38 GAP, verses in the US which it would be an average of $1 61. 88 which is up 53. 52%. This is something that organizations will have to consider. Pay and Benefits Outside the united States† Please respond to the following:Analyze the differences between minimum pay regulations and retirement systems in the U. S. And the other countries discussed in this chapter to determine how these differences affects the ability of U. S. Companies to compete worldwide. Provide specific examples to support your response. Select the minimum pay and retirement practices of one of the countries discussed in Chapter 15. Then, determine the likely result if those prac tices were adopted by the U. S. Provide your rationale. Minimum Wage According to the course material chapter 1 5, page 367, France does have a minimum wage.The minimum wage applies to all salaried workers, including those working in both the public and private businesses of an industrial or commercial nature. The minimum wage applies to workers in commercial and industrial professions, agricultural professions utilizing salaried workers as defined in the Rural Code, liberal professions, home workers, domestic workers, doormen, nursery school assistants, union personnel, personnel in insurance companies and social security companies that are not public bodies, and personnel in associations or organizations governed by private law regardless Of their makeup or objectives.In 2008, the wage was set at EURO 8. 71 per hour ($LSI 2. 25, approximately). Retirement Effective August 21, 2003, the government mandated that employees must work longer before they may receive full government pens ion. The increase from 40 to 41 years will take effect by 2012. Retirees will also be prohibited from receiving their pensions while working on a part-time basis because the pension amount is set at a generous level (I. E. , 85 percent of annual earnings prior to retirement). This differs from the US North America where minimum wage laws apply to all workers employed by and employer.As far as retirement, in order to qualify for social security the age of 65 has to be reached. As disused in chapter 15, page 362, the minimum wage is 49. 50 to 52. 30 pesos depending on the geographical area which is equivalent to $3. 83 to $4. 04 per hour in the US. The likely result of such a mediocre minimum wage being implemented in the IIS during these times would be economic catastrophe, and the rebirth of another great depression. If US workers were paid only $3. 83 an hour, then every minimum wage worker would be considered in a category of extreme poverty. Food stamps, welfare, Medicaid,WICK, d epartment of public housing organizations and other forms of government public assistance would see an astronomical inflation of qualifying applicants who work full time. This will of course cause more Of a deficit in our national debt which could cause a rise in taxes. In addition, there would be a spike in crimes like robbery, larceny, fraud, and embezzlement which will require more government resources as far as law enforcement and medical personnel. Great post! You and share some of the same thoughts in regards to the two types of development activities that would affect employee performance thin a management training program.In fact, think it would be great for employee performance overall. When I think of job rotation, think of a working world of variety and high morale. I think that this method of training should be something that many employers should adopt in order to empower their workforce, and remain competitive in the business market. I agree with you that the effects o f employee development are return on investment and improved employee performance. In addition to improving employee performance it would also benefit the organization in which they worked for. XX, ABA HARM Awesome post! Ere with you when you state a distinction exists between those who have the authors ¶/ to devise, implement and control strategic and operational policies (top and middle managers) and those whose task is simply to ensure that such policies are carried out by the rank-and-file employees of an organization (first level managers/supervisors). I think that every level of management has an importance within the business market. In addition you're rational of trends in education being multimedia is dead on. I think multimedia is the new generation of training and development.. Jennifer, Another great post!I defiantly agree that the biggest challenge for expatriates having to leave their families for an extended amount of time to do an assignment in another country. Jus t to add to what you were mentioned in your post about expatriates leave causing stress and strain to their family members, I think this is especially true for the our US military. Say this because many Of our soldiers are placed into hazardous and dangerous territories and war zones such as many parts of the Middle East. You and I both researched the Europe. I picked the I-J because have always considered living there.On part includes that fact the UK is an Americanizes entry. Although the laws and culture is different, they speak English just like Americans, but with an accent. Overseas assignment in my opinion is unaided for married people of ones with close net families as it causes emotional hardships. Lisa, Great Post! I agree with you that other countries minimum pay regulations and retirement systems it will not affect the ability of U. S. Companies. Think that minimum wage will always be an issue, and it will be considered mediocre forever because it will never reach the le vel of inflation or cost of living.

Twelfth Night Analysis

Love vs. Lust and Desire (The Twelfth Night) Love and lust can often be mistaken for each other by unsuspecting and naive characters. In William Shakespeare’s The Twelfth Night a majority of the characters experience learning the difference between whether lust is the same as love or if they are merely enjoying someone’s looks only. The question of desire being overpowered by love is something that has been deeply looked at by literary critics to try to decipher. The beginning of the story starts out with Viola and her twin brother Sebastian getting into a shipwreck where Viola believes that her brother has drowned and been lost at sea.She shows an enormous amount of love in those first few moments when she realizes that he is gone. No love is ever greater than family love because it is the most pure form of love. Viola, out of self-preservation, takes a job in the house of the Duke Orsino and becomes his messenger to his love Olivia. Olivia is a vain woman who is also mourning her brother’s death and refuses to see Orsino or listen to his marriage proposals. As a different tack, Orsino sends Viola, dressed as Cesario, to try to court Olivia for him. This is not love that Orsino is feeling. Unrequited, melancholic love intensifies this process: it is self-consuming, as Orsino is pursued and consumed by his own desires. † (Eagleton) As Eagleton alludes he is merely attracted to Olivia’s beauty and power. The way he acts towards her does personify that he loves her, but he only compliments her beauty and virtue in his poems. He alludes to only wanting her because she is what is seen as the most desirable woman around his land. â€Å"Irrationally, Orsino would love a woman who he knows loves herself. But whereas he shrewdly guesses the true condition of his lady's affection, he is blind to the similar makeup of his own passion. (Hunt) This showing of lust is counteracted by the showings from Viola of love for Orsino. She chooses to do as he asks and help him court Olivia despite the fact that she is a woman in disguise and loves Orsino herself. This is a sacrifice that could easily be shown as a sign of true love for Orsino. Viola’s showing of love is something to be examined closer. She has not known Orsino for more than a day when she begins to love him, yet she is willing to sacrifice her own happiness to help create a marriage between Orsino and Olivia.She could be seen as naive and hopeful, but she seems wiser than that if examined closer. â€Å"Viola is then drawn within this illusion, through her adoption of an illusion of disguise to further her real aim of serving Orsino; she is made to act the part of one actor (Orsino) to another actor (Olivia) in a way which conflicts with her own genuine identity (her love of Orsino). † (Eagleton) Orsino also trusts Viola, as Cesario, completely. He entrusts her with his hopes and his most intimate errands. â€Å"Orsino is caught at a transitiona l moment in love's metamorphosis. He secretly enjoys Viola's feminine beauty while the page identity–â€Å"Cesario†Ã¢â‚¬â€œgives him an excuse for not recognizing the threatening natural opposite to himself–an opposite that in truth complements him. † (Hunt) Orsino sees Viola (Cesario) as someone he can trust and feel strangely drawn to. This could be a sense of lust compelling him or the nature of true love in its purer form. Through the beginning of the story Viola’s love for Orsino grows only to see Orsino’s love for Olivia continue steady. This is all disrupted when Viola’s brother, Sebastian, is revealed as alive and in the same city.Olivia, who has been courting Cesario (Viola), mistakes Sebastian for Cesario and convinces him to marry her. This can only be another example of the feeble yet strong importance put on physical attraction between two strangers to create a feeling of love that is deeply rooted in lust. Olivia found Ce sario’s cool demeanor to her to be refreshing and the slightly feminine build to be attractive. â€Å"The consequence of Viola's entering the reciprocal illusion of Orsino and Olivia is the creation in Olivia of a reality—her love for Viola—which breaks beyond the illusion and yet is similarly illusory—she does not know that Viola is a woman. (Eagleton) Olivia’s love for Cesario is a little more sincere than Orsino’s love for Olivia because Olivia enjoys Cesario’s company and demeanor as strictly opposed to his looks. When Olivia learns that Sebastian is her husband and not Cesario, she is still happy despite the mix up. Orsino’s switching of his love from Olivia to Viola so easily and efficiently is a sign that he may not really know the true nature of love at all. Orsino may only really know the way of desire and lust.Viola overlooks this and marries Orsino without any hesitation because she loves him. Orsino refers to Viola as â€Å"his fancy’s Queen† implying that he really cares for her on a level deeper than merely her looks which he has not been able to see in her manly disguise. The ending of the story regards every couple marrying the person they seem the most happy with, but it’s highly questionable if they love the person they have chosen or if they merely have chosen someone they like. ? Work CitedEagleton, Terence. â€Å"Language and Reality in Twelfth Night. † Critical Quarterly 9. 3 (Autumn 1967): 217-228. Rpt. in Shakespearean Criticism. Ed. Dana Ramel Barnes and Marie Lazzari. Vol. 34. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resource Center. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Hunt, Maurice. â€Å"Love, Disguise, and Knowledge in Twelfth Night. † CLA Journal 32. 4 (June 1989): 484-493. Rpt. in Shakespearean Criticism. Ed. Michelle Lee. Vol. 92. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resource Center. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Definition and Examples of Double Superlatives in English

Definition and Examples of Double Superlatives in English Definition In English grammar, the double superlative is the use of both most and the suffix -est to indicate the superlative form of an adjective  (for example, my most biggest fear and the most unfriendliest teacher). Although many examples of the double superlative can be found in MIddle English and  early  Modern English, today its generally regarded as a nonstandard construction or (in prescriptive terms) a  grammatical error. Occasionally, however, the double superlative is still used in present-day English to provide emphasis or rhetorical force. In such cases, says linguist Kate Burridge, the double superlative is the linguistic equivalent of a trumpet blast. It signals this information is worth paying attention to. Of course, we should never overdo linguistic fanfares (Blooming English, 2004). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Double ComparativeDouble Trouble in English Grammar Emphasis Examples and Observations Mirror, mirror, on the wall, whos the most baddest angry young man of all?(Donald Barthelme, Before the Mirror. Sixty Stories. G.P. Putnams Sons, 1982)Suddenly a revelation hit Marty like a thunderclap. He slapped his head with the palm of his hand. Well, if Im not the most dumbest, slab-sided, cream-sucking, thick-headed cigar-store dummy in six states.(Thom Nicholson, Ricochet. Signet, 2007)Nabo told me de absolutely most funniest story this morning. I nearly spoiled myself with delight.(Queen in Las Meninas by Lynn Nottage, in Crumbs From the Table of Joy, and Other Plays. Theatre Communications Group, 2004)Also, I said, unable to control the momentum of how right I was, its freezing cold outside on Easter Sunday and every year I just stand there with my teeth clacking, and singing outside in a dress in the freezing cold is the most stupidest thing I can think of.You cant say most stupidest. Stupidest is not a word, and even if it were, it implies most.(Haven Kimmel, A Girl Named Zippy. Doubleday, 2001) Just at the turn to Hawkshead is an old-fashioned house, and at the gate of the carriage drive was the  most funniest  old lady, large black cap, spectacles, apron, ringlets, a tall  new rake much higher than herself and apparently no legs: she had stepped out of a fairy-tale.(Beatrix Potter,  The Journal of Beatrix Potter From 1881-1897. F. Warne, 1966) Well! of all the artful and designing orphans that ever I see, Oliver, you are one of the most  bare-facedest.(Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, 1828)While I may scape,I will preserve myself: and am bethoughtTo take the basest and most poorest shape,That ever penury, in contempt of man,Brought near to beast.(Edgar in Act Two, scene 3, of William Shakespeares King Lear, 1608) The Proscription Against Double Superlatives- Standard English no longer permits expressions such as most unkindest, where the superlative is marked by the preceding most as well as the -est inflection. In C16 there was no constraint on their use, and Shak espeare uses them in several of his plays to underscore a dramatic judgment. The use of most highest in religious discourse is similarly rhetorical and was exempted by some C18 grammarians (notably, Lowth, Bishop of London) from the general censure of double superlatives. Grammarians can certainly argue that one or other superlative marker is redundant, and in measured prose one of them would be edited out.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004)- In profane authors there are also many instances of the use of the double superlative. Sir Thomas More used the expression, most basest; Ben Jonson that of, most ancientest; John Lilly (of the time of Queen Elizabeth) that of, most brightest; and Shakespeare, most boldest, most unkindest, most heaviest.(On the Language of Uneducated People, The Saturday Magazine, August 24, 1844)

Por vs. Para in Spanish

'Por' vs. 'Para' in Spanish Two Spanish prepositions, por and para, are usually used for the English word for. The differences between them sometimes are subtle, and thus por and para are a constant source of confusion for Spanish students. Key Takeaways: Por and Para Although both Spanish prepositions por and para can often be translated as for, they have separate meanings and can seldom be used as synonyms.Por is often used to indicate who performs an action or the reason for it being performed.Para is often used to indicate the result of an action being performed. Think of Meaning Rather than Translation If its any consolation, prepositions can be as difficult for people learning English. Why do we sometimes say something is under control, and sometimes say something is in control? Why are we in the house but at home? The rules sometimes escape logic. The key to understanding which preposition to use is to think of the meaning you want to convey. If I use a phrase such as three for a dollar in English, the for has a different meaning than it does in this book is for you. In the first case, for indicates an exchange or a rate, while in the second case it indicates an intention or direction. Thus the Spanish translation of the two phrases are different, tres por un dà ³lar and este libro es para ti. The following chart shows some of the major uses of these two prepositions, including ones not translated by for. Uses for Por Por is often used to indicate how something is done or ihe cause of an action. Although the distinction between cause and outcome isnt always clear, por generally isnt used to indicate the result of an action. Expressing movement along, through, around, by, or about: Anduve por las calles de Gijà ³n. (I walked through the streets of Gijà ³n.) Viajamos por Australia con un Land Rover. (We traveled around Australia with a Land Rover.)Denoting a time or duration when something occurs. Viajamos por tres semanas. (Were traveling for three weeks.) Debes pensar en otras personas por sà ³lo un momento. (You ought to think about other people for just a moment.)Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an action: Me caà ­ por la nieve. (I fell down because of the snow.) Los conflictos originaron por las diferencias culturales e ideolà ³gicas. (The conflicts began because of the cultural and ideological differences.)  Hay diferencia entre comer por hambre y comer por placer. (There is a difference between eating out of hunger and eating for pleasure.)Meaning per: Dos por ciento. (Two percent.) Prefiero comer cuatro comidas por dà ­a. (I prefer eating four meals per day.) Por can also be trans lated as a when a is a preposition: Leo un libro por semana. (I read one book a week.) Meaning supporting or in favor of: Trabajamos por derechos humanos. (We work for human rights.) No puedo votar por el presidente. (I cant vote for the president.)Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb:. For this reason, por is often used in stating the author of a book or other composition:  Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. (It was written by Bob Woodward.) Ser comido por las aves. (It will be eaten by the birds.)Indicating means of transportation: Viajarà © por avià ³n. (I will travel by plane.)  Quiero llegar a Venezuela por barco. (I want to arrive at Venezuela by ship.)Used in numerous expressions: Por ejemplo. (For example.) Por favor. (Please, literally as a favor.) Uses for Para Para is often used to indicate the outcome of an action or to indicate who or what is affected by an action. Meaning for the purpose of or in order to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una poca de gracia. (In order to dance the bamba you need a little grace.) Los buses se usan para ir a la frontera. (The buses are used for going to the border.)With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the benefit of or directed to: Es para usted. Its for you. Necesitamos mucho dinero para el desarrollo del paà ­s. (We need a lot of money for the countrys development.)Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a place: Voy para Europa. (Im heading to Europe.) Salimos para el almuerzo. (We are leaving for lunch.)Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time: Necesito el regalo para maà ±ana. (I need the gift for tomorrow.) Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el fin de semana. (Were going to my mothers for the weekend.)

What Are The Effects Of Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Are The Effects Of Success - Essay Example Every person has to face different positive and negative effects of success because his concept is success is different. For every successful life for diverse personalities, attached advantages and disadvantages are dissimilar The negative effects of success are more overpowering than positive effects. Before aspiring for success that is well liked, every person should weigh the negative and positive effects. The idea of success if enticing, but it has dire consequences, which should be realized beforehand. Success appears as a positive happening, but the negative effects associated with the concept of success cannot be ignored as they overweigh the positive effects. What are the effects of Success? Success and its achievement are attractive for people as they see only the positive side of gaining success ignoring the negative side completely. The effects of success are two faced as one not only gains success, but also faces a number of losses associated with the change brought by su ccess. Success can be defined as gaining something that one aspires to have such as some specific career, position in an organization, bringing some kind of change in personality, getting married to some specific person and so on. After gaining success over a perceived goal, one faces the positive as well as negative results of success. These results should be analyzed beforehand in order to accept them or deal with them triumphantly. Acquirement of success is impossible without change. Pavlina (2004) says, â€Å"Success requires change, and change has both positive and negative consequences†. When a person gets what he considers as success for him, he has to accept the changes that are associated with success. For example, if a person gets promotion, he also gets increased responsibilities. These increased responsibilities are a change for that person, which he should accept. With increased accountability, he has to do more work. His personal life can be disturbed because of additional work. Therefore, before aspiring for success, every person has to ponder over change along with positive and negative consequences of success. Change is also regarded by many as a negative effect because change requires acquisition of new characteristics and qualities that can be earned after enough struggles. Success is incomplete without change. Success has different concepts for every person. Every person has to face different positive and negative effects of success because his concept of success is different. Some people regard promotion as success, some regard better financial status as success, some aspire to be more educated, some want to have their own business and so on. Therefore, for every successful life for diverse personalities, attached advantages and disadvantages are dissimilar. For example, two people working in an organization may have different criteria for success. For one, success can be associated to continuing some specific job with better promot ion and financial availabilities while for other, success can be better getting rid of that job without any consideration to attached benefits. Both types of personalities should consider the negative as well as positive outcomes of their concepts of success. For the person remaining in the same job, having promotion and financial security, negative effects can be lack of variety, additional responsibilities, less time for family and friends, seclusion and so on. Similarly, the person looking for different job can face financial loss, changed environment unsuitable for him, communication problem, and increased stress and so on. The

Evaluating the impact of international environmental laws on oil and Essay

Evaluating the impact of international environmental laws on oil and gas - Essay Example Recommendation(s) †¢ GEP-Oil Company must follow the principles of the International Environment law to the latter. †¢ The Company is bound to look for more advanced technologies to be able to exploit he Oil and Gas in an advanced manner. †¢ Experts in Climatic conditions should be consulted before the commencement of the drilling process. †¢ The company must compensate the inhabitants. 1. Background The main issues in the case study are that the presence of Oil and Gas plays an immense role in the economy of Russia and the welfare of the people as a whole. However, this exploration in the Arctic requires huge investments, which have prompted the Russian oil Companies to enter into an alliance with the international companies to expedite the exploration process. In light of this, the board paper has been organised into four sections. Each section analyses about an issue that pertains to exploration that is free from environmental destruction and one that depicts w hat is expected by the Russian government. The Russian environmental laws are similar to the international environment al laws in a number of ways. The Russian environmental laws also recognize that there is a need for each nation to be able to protect the environmental and at the same time each state should be given the freedom to be able to exploit their natural resources. According to principle one of the Rio Declaration, human beings are the centre of environmental concerns because they need to be able to have high quality life. The Russian environmental laws also recognize these factors and incorporate it in the principles of the law. There are also laws in the region where Russia is that are also invective of the need for the concerned stakeholders to understand the need to protect the natural resources for the sake of human beings. The arctic region in which Russia belongs, there are some environmental laws that need are very similar to international laws. The Arctic Environm ental Protection Strategy is an environmental guidance that helps nations in the arctic region to abide in within the environmental standards. Russian national laws are also similar to the international environmental laws in that they also recognize that there is an importance to protect the local waters (marine). This is in line with MarPol environmental laws and guidance that provide for the ways in which the laws must be able protect the environment. Russia is a member of the artist centre but he laws developed by the arctic centre are not abiding. The arctic centre has developed the laws and guidelines that help member states to abide within the guidelines of international laws. MarPol helps nations around the world to be able to deal with the seal pollution. The Russian environmental policy also recognizes that there is a need to protect the sea and reduce marine pollution. These laws are also in line with the Conventional of Biodiversity guides which emphasize on the need to p rotect the natural resounds especially living things. The other important factor about international law in relation to the Russian environmental law is the recognition of the need for the state to be able to protect the environmental and the need to be able to

International Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Management - Assignment Example The study reviews what globalization is. It depicts its various definitions, singles out its three types, and describes its constituents. The work examines how globalization influences the economies of nations. Special attention is paid to the impact of globalization in the USA, China, and India. The author explains the term global village which emerged in globalization times. It means integration of people, institutions into a shared objective. The USA, China, and India encourage their institutions to engage in foreign trade benefiting from the international commerce. At the same time the author describes negative opinions about globalization. Critics of globalization point a dim picture of this aspect. They claim that globalization erodes the sovereignty of states. The author shows why those views are invalid. Countries which have embraced the aspect of globalization are sovereign by all definitions. The work illustrates the opposite: China takes care of its domestic and foreign po licies without any interference from other countries. India is also a sovereign state, formulating and implementing its domestic policies without interference from other states, and, therefore, notion of globalization eroding the much valued state sovereignty is uncalled for. Countries which have not embraced globalization are suffering from the consequences. North Korea has closed its economy from liberalization resulting into poverty of its citizens and of the state.

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay The debate about the fall of Rome and the way it happened is a centuries-old one and its vitality has been undiminished over the years. The traditional theory has the Roman Empire being violently overturned by barbarian Germanic tribes who started invading en masse during the last years of the fourth century. That wasnt the first time that the Empire had to deal with pressure on its borders, but this time it eventually collapsed because it had already declined as a civilization due to internal problems. The first scholar to support this line of thought was Gibbon in the late eighteenth century. His great, multi-volume, work goes by the title The Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, which speaks for itself as for its writers thoughts (?). He argued that the most important cause which brought about the end of the Roman Empire was the expansion and gradual predominance of Christianity. First, the new religion and the structures that came with it (such as the church and the monasteries) interfered with the distribution of wealth inside the Empire, by accumulating it in institutions that were inaccessible by the state.  [1]  Second, its pacifist ideology reduced the armys will to fight and its theology corrupted the classical ideals through the spread of superstition.  [2]   Another scholar arguing along the same lines was Rostovtzeff. He states the Late Empire was in retrogradation?, a sad and decadent remnant of its former self, partly because of the increase in absolutism during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine and the emperors who succeeded them. Together with Gibbon, his arguments form the core of the traditional theory, which puts stress especially on the issue of decline as the main reason which made the disintegration of the empire, as a political entity, eventually inevitable.  [3]  Due to the work of these two scholars, the Fall of Rome has ended up being seen as something like the platonic idea of decline.  [4]   Along with the traditional theory, we should consider the work of a more recent scholar. Following the same methodological path as Rostovtzeff, Jones credited the barbarians with the destabilization and collapse of the Roman Empire. Their invasions, he argues, should be seen as a destructive agent which placed strain on the Roman administration.  [5]  At the same time, in a well-known passage, he speaks of a large part of the population that was consuming without producing anything, such as senators, soldiers and the clergy. These idle mouths, as he calls them, partly a result of barbarian pressure again, at least as far as the army was concerned, was the main reason for the economic waning of the Late Empire.  [6]   Jones contribution was twofold. To begin with, he proposed a new chronological period, extending further than 476, the date traditionally considered as signaling the moment of death of the Roman Empire. His ending date was 602, the year of the emperor Maurices death as he strongly believed that the Roman Empire continued its existence, albeit geographically diminished, in the East, at least until the advent of the Slavic tribes in the Balkans at the end of the sixth century.  [7]  This way, he managed to provide a connection between late- and post-Roman societies, hinting that there might have been a causal relation between the two.  [8]  Secondly, he breathed new life in a period that was all but put aside by his contemporaries as of not much particular interest and after him scholars gradually started to perceive the Late Roman Empire in its own right.  [9]   This was countered by traditionalists in 2005 with the publication of a book under the title The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. In this book, the author Bryan Ward-Perkins is arguing fervently that the fall of Rome was a violent experience for the people involved, which involved much bloodshed and catastrophe.  [10]  It was centered more on radical change than gradual transformation and was characterized by decline and resulted in a decline in civilized values which actually that a number of Roman cultural achievements were lost.  [11]   Although this view has its merits and should not be discredited without consideration, it needs to be examined carefully because it conceals the danger of oversimplification. First, it can be argued that the author has gone too far with his emphasis on violence and catastrophe. Violence, no matter how hard on a society, is not by principle an agent of radical change which rules out any chance of transformation. Human history is full of violence and it would be surprising if the fourth and fifth centuries did not involve any at all. Despite Ward-Perkins vivid depictions, much of what was considered Roman did not disappear with the Empire. Roman qualities, such as a literate culture, can be shown to have survived as late as the seventh century, proving that the devastating barbaric invasions did not actually have such a devastating effect after all.  [12]   Stemming from that, we should examine if there was a specific moment in time when Rome actually fell. If we cannot point out such an instance, then we should regard it as a more gradual process. Italy, for example, shows that society was able to maintain its order in the face of much devastation.  [13]  And if, as Ward-Perkins himself admits, there was no single moment, not even a single century of collapse  [14]  , then we should discard catastrophist theories as inadequate and try more. We should also keep in mind that the author comes from an archaeological milieu  [15]  and, as a result, most of his proof comes from the study of material evidence.  [16]  Archaeologists of the period tend to be advocates of the notion of decline more often than historians, mainly because such a decline is much more evident in the material remains of the Late Roman era.  [17]  In addition to that we have to be careful with the origin the evidence. In the case of Ward-Perkins, he doesnt hesitate to support his theory on data from Britain,  [18]  but Brittania (i.e. the part of Britain which was conquered by the Romans) had never been the archetypal Roman province. So Britain is far from being the typical example of what happened after the Romans had left the island, particularly given the fact that we can find other provinces of the Roman Empire, which shared a completely different fate, such as Egypt and Syria.  [19]  When talking strictly about the west, one has to be extremely cautious when trying to combine both the archaeological data with historical sources that might give the impression of continuity. One way approaches, such as the one only just discussed, will not do. Late Antiquity With good reason one might ask what the need of such a dramatic reassertion of the traditional view on the fall of the Roman Empire. The word traditional itself implies the existence of an opposite, neoteric theory. In 1971, Peter Brown published a book which defied all the assumptions of the traditionalist school.  [20]  His book The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad argues about continuity, transformation, cultural and religious renewal. The enthusiasm that the book was met with in academic circles, especially in the United States, resulted in the banishment of terms as catastrophe, change, crisis and decline.  [21]  Brown was influenced by the views of an earlier scholar, Henri-Irà ©nà ©e Marrou, who argued that late antique art had not deteriorated and that it should be looked at in its own terms. Brown was influenced by the work of Henri Pirenne. In his works the Belgian scholar supported that there was continuity to be found in terms of long-distance trade in the Mediterranean which was not affected by the barbarian invasions but collapsed with the great Arabic conquests of the seventh century.  [22]  Brown placed a new stress on the period resulted in a recent rethinking of Pirennes views through the prism of the newly proposed notion of continuity.  [23]   Finally, Brown could also be considered an influence because, as we saw earlier, he was the first to propose a causal connection between the Late Roman Empire and the post-Roman era. Thus, given the entailed predominance of continuity which was easily detected in themes such as art and religious belief, a new historical period has been founded with its own characteristics, that of Late Antiquity,  [24]  in which some of the basics of classical civilization still survived  [25]  . Its boundaries stress from the third to the eighth century, but they are still unfixed, with every writer proposing different dates, according to the issues they deal with. Brown relied heavily on the methods of historical psychology and psychoanalysis. This methodological innovation is a general trend among scholars of Late Antiquity, particularly those in the United States. They have more or less identified themselves with the kind of history that falls outside the scope of socio-economic history. For example, the history of Christianity has proven very fertile for studying Late Antiquity, especially the effects it has had on different aspects of human life, such as death, sexuality and the family.  [26]  Thus, this school of thought has made astonishing contributions in such fields as gender and culture history, the history of mentalities and of popular belief. Such methods, however, often tend to function with no respect to periodization and as such they lead to fragmentation.  [27]   Indeed, the work of these scholars shows more emphasis towards individuals and their perspectives than to the society they live in.  [28]  As a consequence, post-modernist theories concerning source analysis have relied heavily on the works of scholars after Brown, while, in the meantime, the old philological approach has been largely abandoned. Ancient texts are dealt with not so much for their narrative value, but as agents the mentality of their authors.  [29]  Of course, works exclusively focused on different authors have a lot to offer to the ongoing discussion of the period, but dogged commitment to them might create a handicap for our understanding of the period as a whole.  [30]   Furthermore, partly as a response to the traditional view of catastrophe, scholars of Late Antiquity have been particularly keen on seeing continuity and transformation. But this attitude can be harmful in two ways. First, the notion of continuity seems to have an overshadowing effect on the particularity of issues in a certain period. If everything is proven to carry on from the past not changed in the least, then historical periods will automatically lose their individual tone, by which it is defined.  [31]  Simultaneously, by relying to heavily historical sources (as they provide ampler evidence for continuity) we may be overturned by the findings of archaeological research (in the way Ward-Perkins was). Second, emphasis on continuity and transformation is the expulsion of their opposites from contemporary history books. Terms such as crisis and decline seem to have been anathematized in modern research and this has started to raise objections, even by scholars who are not polemicists of continuity itself.  [32]  Powerful words like these falling into disuse can only be detrimental for historiography. These terms are usually avoided because of their moral implications, and it is somehow assumed that if there is decline someone needs to be charged with it.  [33]  But we always have to bear in mind that history is a science and historians should concentrate purely on the facts of their research. Nevertheless, Late Antiquitys impact shouldnt be confined within strict scientific limits. Continuity along with transformation, apart from being objects of historiographical debate, is also too powerful of terms to be overlooked by contemporary politicians. From 1993 to 1998 a large research project, funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF), brought together scholars from across Europe. Its title was Transformation of the Roman World and its aim was to provide a widely accepted interpretation of the fall of Rome, along the lines of a smooth passage to what was to become todays Europe.  [34]  Two thousand years after Augustus history is being repeated: the European Union is commissioning its poets to create its own foundation myth. Late Antiquity is a new period that has had to carve its way bravely into powerful, deep-rooted views of modern historiography, much like the barbarians who had to carve their kingdoms fighting against the mighty Roman Empire. But unlike the former, somewhere along the way it had to make sacrifices which rendered it less effective as a means of interpretation and more limited in its scope. Also, it came to associate itself with allies with political agendas, who might have promoted it, but in the long term damaged somewhat its credibility in terms of objectivity. After all that, it is not surprising that Avril Cameron, a great advocate of the Brown school, herself admits Late Antiquity is in danger of having become an exotic territory, just before suggesting that it should be tested also in the fields of economic and administrative history.  [35]   Pekepersonal thekerkerethoughts-synthesis/LA+med west Thus far, weve witnessed in brief a powerful debate: Ward-Perkins book came as a vivid reaction to a whole school of thought formed around Browns work, which itself was another dramatic response to an older tradition. But extremism is inherent in violent reactions, because only through opposition one side can define itself and stand out in relation to its adversaries. Naturally, the existence of opposition itself should not lead us to believe that one side is absolutely right, while the other is absolutely wrong (and in most cases they are not). Rather, it should direct us towards an evaluation of the new conclusions that emerged from the conflict and setting the problem on a new base. However, it should be noted that both books have something in common: they are heavily focused on different geographical areas, where their conclusions seem to be more frequently affirmed. This way, Brown was able to find plenty of continuity in the eastern part of the Empire, while Ward-Perkins discovered a great deal of catastrophe in its former western provinces. As Jones had underlined long before those two, historians often tend to forget that only a part of the Roman Empire actually fell to the barbarians.  [36]  So, nothing would be amiss if things were so well defined, but they are not. And although it seems that Late Antiquity is better suited for early Byzantine history, there are also those medieval scholars who deem it rewarding to try their hand at the concepts that this new approach brought with it. Late Antiquity and early medieval history One of these was jean claude van dam (the muscles from brussels) mouahahhahahaha Late Antiquity and the barbarians The exclusion of notions of violence and catastrophe from the debates concerning the fourth and fifth centuries, which Late Antiquity scholars promoted, created a historiographical vacuum and a way had to be found for depicting the relations between the Roman Empire and the new arrivals. If violence could not be used to describe them, then the sources had to be searched for a different sort of evidence. The subsequent reexamination of the sources gave birth to the notion of accommodation. The first scholar to do that was Walter Goffart. In a well-known book,  [37]  published in 1980, he described in detail the way that the barbarians were settled on Roman lands. According to Goffart a fairly straightforward arrangement between the late Roman administration and the barbarian tribes can be derived from the sources. The critical feature of this arrangement was that the Empire relinquished its rights on the taxation of the region in which a group of barbarians were settled and instead those taxes would be collected by the barbarians. However, according to this theory, there was no expropriation of land, no partition of it to smaller units to be apportioned and no need for extra money from the tax payers.  [38]  The only one who had something to lose in the process would be the central administration and this definitely helps explain the fact that there is no sign of any noteworthy resistance from the local population in the regions where the barbarians were settle d in this way.  [39]   The aforementioned theory was further elaborated by Durliat. After analyzing the sources rigorously, he managed to take Goffarts theory one step further. He argued that land tax in the Late Roman Empire amounted to no more than 20% of the harvest and it was collected and administered by the curiales. They split it in three and kept one third for their citys expenses. The other two thirds were then sent to Rome to be used for the needs of the army and the central administration. With the advent of the barbarians, this system was very conveniently transformed to accommodate them: the curiales no longer sent anything to Rome but instead conferred the appropriate amount to the barbarian group that happened settle in their citys administrative region. Furthermore, he argued that this modus operandi continued unaffected after the fall of the western Roman Empire, in the different successor-states, until the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.  [40]   This theoretical synthesis was attractive to scholars, not only due to its clarifying simplicity and astonishing applicability, but also because it served to explain the lack of any negative sentiment in the sources. The importance of it becomes clearer, if we take under consideration that actually there were complaints on the part of the sources, wherever the barbarians had not settled peacefully but by force.  [41]  As we saw earlier, the curiales were unconcerned if two thirds of the land tax changed recipients, as long as they were still obtaining their part undiminished. One can easily imagine the effect that this argument had on the debate on continuity, especially since it was centered on Western Europe. Of course, this theory didnt fail to raise some eyebrows. Liebeschà ¼tz criticized Durliats arguments on a twofold basis. First, he doubts that late Roman cities actually collected for themselves any part of the imperial taxes and second, he argues quite convincingly that such an agreement would eventually provide little actual security to the settling barbarians, as security is usually better ensured through direct property of the land, than through any fiscal rights. Whats more, it seems perfectly reasonable to assume that it was exactly this security that the barbarians were looking for and of course, their position of power during the last centuries of the Roman Empire made sure that they were not likely to settle for anything less.  [42]   Moreover, Durliats theory was commented on further in an article in 1998.  [43]  There, Wickham analysis Durliats arguments and dismisses them one by one. Initially, he disagrees that the strict fiscal meaning which the latter ascribes to terms such as possessors and fundus is actually the one intended by the legislators of the fourth and the fifth century and in so doing he undermines the theory from the beginning. But he goes on to challenge other aspects such as the idea that Church constituted a part of the state administration in the post-Roman kingdoms (and thus church property consisted only of fiscal lands) and the view that servus is the term used to suggest a free landowner. By providing hard evidence following the chronological order (Late Empire, Romano-Germanic Kingdoms, Carolingian Empire), Wickham manages to discredit convincingly the arguments about fiscal continuity throughout this period. But, it should be noted that in the end of his article, where he discusses briefly the issue of continuity, he states that while he is not averse to it himself, it should not be considered tantamount to complete absence of change.  [44]   However, the predominance of continuity does not sit well with terms like barbarian invasions and Germanic immigration. So, historians had to find ways to circumvent this problem; they started by looking at the ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples, because it could be argued for example that there was no clear-cut sense of common identity between barbarian groups, such as the Goths, or some common characteristics that defined Germanic then it would be possible to downplay the importance of the aforementioned terms. This way, Late Antiquity affected another heated debate (and in the meantime was affected by it); that of European national identities. The contribution of Walter Goffart has been essential at this point. Apart from fiscal continuity, in his Barbarians and Romans, he was also arguing about against the existence of definite ethnic identities among the barbarians. Another centuries-old historiographic tradition before him interpreted the movements of the Germanic tribes according to contemporary political ideas.  [45]  For example, before the Second World War, Kossina had argued that there was a separate, identifiable culture to be associated with every Germanic tribe we come across in the sources and in 1961 Wenskus had maintained that there was a core of tradition carried by the elite of each barbarian group, according to which the whole mass of the tribe was defined.  [46]  But, according to Goffart migrations have served as the factual underpinnings of early Germanic unity.  [47]  Thus, if he could prove that no such unity actually existed, the migration and invasion theories would lose all sense. Indeed, he argues for a short history of these peoples oblivion was a result of translocation. The common past of these peoples at any point stressed as back as the time before their last migration.  [48]  He refuses to use sources of the sixth century such as Jordanes because, in his opinion, they only reflect the ideas of their own times and cannot be trusted for their evidence of the distant past.  [49]  Finally, after taking under consideration also the deductions of archaeological research, he thinks that, if one wanted to look at the discontinuity provoked by the advent of the barbarians, he should definitely put the emphasis on Rome and its security. It was the appeal that the Empire had on the barbarians and not their own expansionist agendas that brought about the fall, in an imaginative experiment that got a little out of hand.  [50]   It is therefore clear that Late Antiquity has given historiography of ethnic identities new areas of research to explore. This process gets even more complicated with the interference of modern international politics and historians of the Early Middle Ages recently find themselves and their research at the center of contemporary political debates  [51]  . One can discern a pseudo-history in the making, which serves political and nationalistic purposes in the sense that it tries to define distinct nations that were created centuries ago once and for all. Another assumption is that by right these nations should form separate political entities, according to their defined ethnicity and territory.  [52]   To sum up, the search for continuity of the Late Antique scholars might not have been successful in the field of fiscal policies and accommodation but it ascertained the fact that we cannot presume long histories and ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples. This certainly confirmed transformation instead of catastrophe and crisis for some aspects of the fourth and fifth centuries but it surely proved that there was much discontinuity and heterogeneity concerning the notion of identity.  [53]  And since the Early Middle Ages are of such a great importance in the international political stage, scholars of the period should benefit from the results of research in this field in order to prevent their academic field from becoming a plaything in the hands of international politics. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Projecting their own experiences on another period of time (as historians often do)