Debt Policy at Ust Inc.

Executive Summary Holding nearly 80% of the market share in the smokeless tobacco industry, UST Inc. has been generating large and stable income. However, the leading company in a certain industry tends to react slowly to market share erosion by competing firms and lack of creativity in the introduction of new product, a situation UST Inc. is now undergoing. Concerning the declining sales growth and gradual loss of the market share, UST Inc. is now considering recapitalizing by issuing debt amounts to $1 billion.By recapitalizing, it can create a total $380 million interest tax shield to add up firm value and, at the same time, make shareholders better off by using the proceeds from the issuance of debt to buyback outstanding shares. Although declining sales growth and litigation problem might be hidden concerns for UST Inc. , after some analysis about the attributes of the company such as business risk, capital structure as well as payout policy, I still believe that UST Inc. s head ing toward the right direction. And we can also observe that, after the adjustment of capital structure, its traditional dividend payout policy will not be hampered in the near future. Analysis of Business Risks (from bondholder’s viewpoint) Bondholders only care about the ability of the company to make interest payments and whether they can get the face value when the bond matures. Therefore, we have to consider the factors that contribute to the amount and stability of future EBIT.In the situation of UST, several factors have more of an impact on the company’s business risk, such as sales growth, competition faced owing to other competitors’ erosion into their market share and the effect of litigation problem and government regulations. Since the smokeless tobacco are considered less harmful to health and increased prevalence of smoking bans, demand of smokeless tobacco has undergone a continued growth, which would contribute good prospect to UST since its pro ducts strategy focus primarily on smokeless tobacco.However, as a dominant player in the industry, UST seems to be less creative on the introduction of new product and react too slowly to other competitors’ erosion into their market share. So far, UST has been increasing the price of their product as a way to boost their annual earning, which gives other players a perfect chance to gain some market share by using price value strategy. Despite the steady decline of market share might turn into future concern for UST, it still holds 77% of the market share. Besides, UST has started to make effort in new product development and renew their marketing and promotion strategy.On the other hand, although litigation and legislation problems have impacts on sales of UST, these problems has been there for a long time, which means that it shouldn’t create new turbulence on the prospect of UST. To conclude, the attributes of UST are steadily growing EBIT(approximately 9% compounded ), dominant market share in the industry. Therefore, although there are some disadvantages toward their future earning power, such as increasing competition and litigation problems, bondholders shouldn’t care too much on them since the interest expense is still a minor portion of the total EBIT.The Timing of Recapitalization It is publicly known that, through leverage, companies can lower their WACC and receive benefit from interest tax shield in order to boost their firm value. This is exactly what UST Inc. is doing right now. By issuing debt and use the fund to buy back outstanding shares, it is boosting their stock price higher. I reckon that the reason they choose to do so at this specific time is because the company has been facing more and more vigorous competition these years and undergoing declining rate of sales growth.By adopting leverage recapitalization, UST can still make the stockholder better off even its sales growth is not high enough. Besides, UST’s d ebt to asset ratio is currently at a low level compare to other competitors in the industry. Therefore, they can adopt the recapitalization strategy without worrying too much about the default risk problem. Capital Structure after the Recapitalization From the pro forma income statement (exhibit 1) in the appendix, we can see that even if the bond is issued at a rating of BBB (higher cost of debt), the EBIT/interest coverage ratio is still 10. 21, which shows that UST as sufficient amount of EBIT to make the interest payments. And the marginal effect on UST’s firm value would be the total debt ($1 billion) multiplied by the corporate tax rate (38%), which is $380 million. Dividend Payout Policy From Exhibit 2, we can observe that, under current condition, the payout ratio is around 63%, which is the percentage UST has long been paying out in the past. Therefore, it is safe to draw the conclusion that the recapitalization will not hamper future dividend payment under current c ondition. However, we are not sure whether the market share and the growth of sales will continue to drop.If they do, it will become more and more difficult for UST to stick to their traditional â€Å"pleasing† payout policy. Likely, we are not sure whether the litigation problem will be more of a concern for UST in the future. Ultimately, despite the fact that the opponents’ erosion into UST’s market share and litigation problem are both hidden concerns, it takes time for both problems to pose a threat to UST’s traditional payout policy. Appendix Exhibit 1 Pro Forma Income Statement Exhibit 2 Dividend Calculation after the Buyback Program Corporate Finance Case Study Assignment Debt Policy at UST Inc. Debt Policy at Ust Inc. Executive Summary As the leading manufacturer in the moist smokeless tobacco industry, UST Inc. has long been recognized by its ability to generate high profit using low financial leverage. With a dominant market share of 77%, the company maintains a pricing power that allows it to institute annual price increases without losing costumers. However, UST’s market share was eroded significantly in recent years by price-value competitors who enter the market with lower prices. Although UST responded to these threat by introducing new products, market share still decreased by 1. 6% over past 7 years.In addition, UST is also exposed to an unfavorable legislative environment, in which the company is under advertising and product promotion restrictions. The increasing business risks force management of UST to consider a recapitalization plan in which UST borrows up to $1 billion to repurchase its stocks. The marginal effect of the recapitalization will be a $380 million increase in fi rm value, which is the present value of interest tax shield. Besides the recapitalization benefit, management also needs to notice the costs of recapitalization, which include higher bankruptcy costs and a potential of lower credit rating.UST has a high and constant dividend payout history since 1912. The recapitalization will expose more risks to shareholders since revenues will be used to pay interest before pay dividends. Thus, the recapitalization may hamper future dividend payments. Background Having long been the leading company in the moist smokeless tobacco industry, UST Inc. was famous for its product innovation, dominate market share, and pricing adjusting power. However, as the competition of the moist smokeless tobacco industry became more intense and the legislative environment became more unfavorable, UST is facing several business risks: . Lose of market share. Relying on its superior products and innovation ability, UST used to control most of the moist smokeless tob acco market and was able to increase the price of its products year by year without losing its customers. The historical pricing flexibility gave UST a robust earning performance and bumped up its stock prices. However, as the speed of product innovation became slower, UST is facing the threat of price-value competitors, who enter the market by charging a lower price. Although later UTS responded to the threat by introducing new products, the company’s market share still dropped from 86. % in 1991 to 77. 2% in 1998. 2. Increase exposure to legislative environment. Moist smokeless tobacco manufactures used to face fewer lawsuits than cigarette manufactures due to less scientific evidence liking smokeless tobacco to cancer. However, the legislative environment has become more unfavorable to smokeless tobacco manufactures since the industry has agreed on a ban on advertising in order to settle state Medicaid lawsuit. Also, UST was the only main manufacturer that signed an agreem ent on promotion restrictions that aim to reduce youth exposure.Recapitalization UST has been widely known for its conservative debt policy, which allows the company to generate high returns with very low financial leverage. However, as business risks such as market share erosion and unfavorable legislation exposure increase, UST has an incentive to change its capital structure in order to benefit from interest tax shield and maximize the firm value. Recapitalization will also benefit shareholders in a way of higher company stock price since the proceeds from debt will be used to repurchase outstanding stocks.Also, although UST has a very high gross profit margin and return on assets on its core business compared to other smokeless tobacco manufactures, the poor performance of its non-core operations such as market wine and premium cigars give UST a low to zero profit contribution. UST’s management needs to diversify its product line and bump up earnings by investing more in the non-core operations using debt funds. Marginal Effect of Recapitalization To analysis if UST should undertake the $1 million recapitalization, management needs to calculate the value of the firm before and after ecapitalization. In a market with taxation, the value of the levered firm equals to the value of the unlevered firm plus the present value of interest tax shield. Because management assumes that the new debt is constant and perpetual, the present value of interest tax shield equals to the amount of debt multiplied by the effective tax rate, which is 38%. Thus, the present value of UST’s future tax saving should be 38% * $ 1 billion, which is $380 million. At the end of 1998, the market equity of UST was $6,470. 8 million based on the average shares outstanding and year-end stock price.If UST borrows $1 billion debt immediately, the total value of the levered firm would be $6,470. 8 million unlevered value plus $380 million tax shield, which is $6,850. 8 million. B ecause firm value will rise to $6,850. 8 million immediately after the recapitalization announcement, original shareholders will capture the full benefit of interest tax shield since they are able to sell their stocks at a higher price. The new stock price is determined by dividing the value of the levered firm by the number of shares outstanding at the end of 1998.Since there were 185, 516,055 shares outstanding at year end 1998, the new stock price after the announcement of recapitalization would be $6,850. 8 million divided by 185, 516,055, which is $36. 93. Compared to the original stock price of $34. 88, each pre-existing shareholder will benefit $2. 05 from the increase in leverage. If taxation is the only issue that management should take into consideration, the marginal effect of raising debt will be increase in company value by $380 million.However, as financial leverage increases, default risk on debt also increases, thus leads to a potential increase in bankruptcy costs. UST has been maintained an A-1 credit for its low debt / capital ratio of 28. 2%, which is a competitive advantage over its competitors who are highly leveraged. If UST decides to increase its leverage ratio, it will cause rating agencies to revalue its capital structure and cash flow generating ability in order to assign an appropriate rating.The potential change in rating will significantly affect UST’s cost of capital. Thus, management should balance the tax benefit with the expected cost of bankruptcy to maximize form value. Besides its conservative debt policy, UST was also famous for its stable and constant dividend payout since 1912. The recapitalization may hamper future dividend payments since earnings should be used to pay off debt and interest expense before they are delivered as dividends to stockholders.Because debt is risk-free and debt holders have first claim on a company’s asset, levered equity often carries a higher risk premium than unlevered equity to compensate stockholders. The remaining balance of earnings after paying interest may also be retained for operating purpose. Thus, the possibility of an interruption of cash dividends payout may occur. Summary In summary, facing the increase business risks of losing market share and exposing to unfavorable legislations, the management of UST Inc. s considering changing the company’s capital structure by raising $1 billion debt and accelerating its stock buyback program. The benefit of recapitalization will be an increase in firm value of $380 million and increase in stock price by $2. 05 each share. However, management should also take into consideration the potential increase in bankruptcy costs and changes in credit rating. Last, the constant divided payout may be hampered by recapitalization since earnings need to be used to pay interest to debt holders first.

The Role of Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employee

How to Use Performance Appraisals to Motivate Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appraisals and Phrases For Dummies Motivation is the process that energizes employees and propels them to pursue their goals. Well-designed and well-executed performance appraisals have a strong motivational impact. Appraisals have the power to motivate employees because they provide a number of interconnected benefits: They demonstrate the need for improvement. If employees don’t have a clear understanding of how they’ve been performing, they can’t be motivated to make any improvements. They meet higher-level psychological needs.Researchers continue to find that recognition is one of the most powerful forms of motivation for large numbers of employees. Although you can find numerous possible sources of recognition on the job, performance appraisals are an opportunity for employees to receive formal, significant, and enduring recognition from their manager. They build a sense of personal value. When managers take the time and effort to carefully review, analyze, document, and discuss performance with employees, the underlying message to the employees is that they’re important and valuable, and this alone is quite rewarding, whether the feedback is positive or not.They enhance personal development. Performance evaluations are motivational for employees who are looking to enhance their personal learning, growth, and development. Appraisals are a highly valuable source of information, insights, and tools necessary for such progress. Performance appraisals are similarly motivational for employees whose needs are centered on achievement, goal attainment, and sensing personal effectiveness, respect, and trust. They turn employees around. When employees are performing poorly, performance appraisals can provide the wakeup call that they need to get refocused and reenergized.With performance appraisal, however, the purpose of the session is not strictly disc iplinary, so the employee is more likely to walk in with a more receptive and open mind. As a result, your comments regarding an employee’s questionable performance have an excellent chance of being heard and generating action as a result. They increase satisfaction. When performance appraisals meet the employees’ needs in such areas as gaining recognition, sensing achievement and competence, experiencing growth, and meeting objectives, they’re also contributing to the employees’ job satisfaction, and this is one of the most important elements at work today.When employees are satisfied, some of the most visible indicators are reduced turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness. On the flip side, when employees are subjected to a shoddy or even nonexistent performance appraisal system, the opportunities to fulfill these higher-level employee needs are substantially reduced. How to Use Performance Appraisals to Motivate Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appr aisals and Phrases For Dummies http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/how-to-use-performance-appraisals-to-motivate-empl. html

Cross Cultural Field Experience

Cross cultural experiences can be defined in many different ways. Some people view these experiences as a way to interact with individuals who are diverse, often experiencing things one would not typically experience within their own culture. A cross cultural experience allows someone to share within another’s culture. These experiences can enrich the lives of those who participate by offering experience, knowledge, patience and an understanding into ones culture. Jesus Power Assembly of God I had the pleasure of attending a Sunday worship session on June 2, 2013 at Jesus Power Assembly of God. This church is a bible based and primarily immigrant church located in Columbus, Ohio and founded by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah. Reverend Akomeah is the Senior Pastor of Jesus Power Assembly of God church. He has planted four other Assemblies of God churches in Cincinnati and Georgia. He has also created French and Swahili speaking churches. First Impressions My daughter arranged this visit for us since she has a friend that attends the church. As soon as my daughter and I pulled into the parking lot I realized that this was going to be cultural experience for us. We were the only people in the whole church that were not dark skinned. We were starred at. There were whispers behind our backs. We were approached almost immediately by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah with welcome arms. I am sure he was wondering how we ended up finding our way into his church as the first thing he asked was if we were invited by a member. Hailey and I found our way into the sanctuary and took a seat in the back. Truthfully I wanted to make sure I could make a break if we needed to. The music and the singing were phenomenal! There was a choir and a band and there wasn’t anyone sitting in their seats. All were up and praising the word of God. The singing went on for a good amount of time before we actually started the sermon. The people were friendly and welcoming. We were approached several times and encouraged to move up closer to the front of the church. Many people came by and shook our hands and spoke to us. In fact, I actually felt more important and â€Å"loved† at this particular church than I have ever felt at any other church I have attended. The Sermon The sermon itself was given in both English and Swahili. The church has large screens in which the words to the sermon were put on so that people could follow along. It was an active service. I was especially surprised at the events for the day. The service started at 10 am with an opening prayer. There was praise and worship for 45 minutes which consisted of a combination of singing and talking. For about 10 minutes following the initial sermon there was time set aside for the welcoming of visitors. Each person took the microphone and said their names and identified how they came into the church. Hailey and I declined to take the microphone and all were understanding and sympathetic. Following the introductions of visitors, there were announcements for the church, more songs and music. The Pastor took the stage at about 11:15 with the sermon for the day. The sermon lasted for about an hour and a half. This was an extremely long service compared to what I am used to at a typical church service. When the sermon was completed there was an additional hour of praying, singing and the passing of the offering plate. The entire service from start to finish was 3 hours long! The one thing that was surprising to me was the difference in the length of the service compared to what I have experienced in the past. The longest service I have ever been a part of was an hour, at the most. These people spent almost the entire day together. Once the service was completed they went into another room in the basement and had a huge spread of food they shared. Church to this group of people was a family event. They prayed together, sang together and broke bread together. There is a clear difference between a Swahili service and a Lutheran or Christian service. Conclusion This experience was an emotional and eye opening event for me. I was able to share in another cultures religious experience and the group welcomed me with open arms. Sharing this experience with my teenage daughter was a valuable lesson for her as well. Although I have always raised my daughter to be accepting of all people regardless of color, religion or culture, she was able to immerse herself in another’s culture and see what it was like.

Smallpox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smallpox - Essay Example Even when not fatal, the disease can cause significant disfigurement and scarring. It was once the scourge of mankind, wreaking havoc across the European continent for centuries. Fortunately, modern medicine has determined the variola virus to be the only known cause of smallpox, making it possible to contain the illness by eliminating the variola virus. Uncontrolled, a smallpox outbreak can be expected to infect approximately 30 percent of those individuals exposed to it. Approximately 30 percent of these can be expected to die from the infection. The potential of the illness for use as a biological weapon has been proven in the past with its introduction to the ‘new continent’ and its use in decimating the American Indian tribes while more recent research suggests it retains a highly dangerous potential in the modern world setting. According to Henderson (et al, 1999), â€Å"researchers estimate that only 10-100 virus particles are necessary to infect someone† w hile inoculation supplies and efforts are insufficient to meet the challenge. An understanding of the history of the illness illustrates the importance for the nation’s healthcare workers to be familiar with the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, prevention efforts and gaps in information regarding this illness. For centuries, the smallpox virus plagued mankind, regularly decimating populations in Europe and Asia as the virus was passed from person to person throughout the world on a continuous basis. Smallpox does not survive in animals nor is it known to be a carrier disease, in the sense that individuals might carry the illness without suffering its ill effects, so it can only survive as long as there are humans to suffer from it and more humans for these to pass it along to. With all the devastation that the illness caused, it wasn’t until 1796 before the first experimental vaccine against the illness was

AVIATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

AVIATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example This rise in air traffic negatively affects the normal operations of the air traffic organizations. For instance, the air traffic congestion can significantly threaten the aircrafts safety which is the ultimate aim of the civil aviation authorities and airlines around the world. The safety of the aircraft is the primary concern for any airline and the civil aviation authority as it contains hundreds of passengers at a time. Upon accident, the aircraft will be destroyed however, with it hundreds of lives will also be lost. This aspect makes the air traffic flow a top priority and concern for the civil aviation authorities around the world. Though there are various independent factors that affect an aircraft resulting into the loss of lives. Prominent ones are: natural disasters or causes, technological fault developed in the aircraft, human error by pilot or the air traffic controller, human error by the engineering maintenance staff before giving the clearance for take-off, communication and related barriers that limit the understanding and comprehension of pilots and air traffic control officers, etc. Barnier and Brisset (2002) undertook a research to devise a strategy to increase the capacity of airspace apart from reducing the challenges that the Air Traffic Controllers have to face while handling unlimited number of flights landing and taking-off every minute. Furthermore, Barnier and Brisset (2002) focused on the dire need of the airlines to cut down their operational costs by receiving faster clearances to land or take-off which consumes their most of the flights time. They focused on the Air Traffic Flow Management (AFTM) technique to resolve this problem that the European Air Traffic Flow Management has to encounter every day. Since 1960, more than hundred aircrafts have met a fatal accident in the United States alone. There are various factors that were involved in these accidents. However, air traffic controllers play the most significant

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Essay

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Projects in Developing Countries - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that CSR is the process by which a company integrates the economic, its environmental and social objectives at the same time, addressing the expectations of its stakeholder and enhancing as well as sustaining the shareholder value.   CSR is the overall association between a corporation and the stakeholders that include its customers, its employees, its communities, owners/investors, the government, its suppliers, and competitors. Elements of CSR will include investment in the community outreach, its employee relations, creation and the maintenance of employment, the environmental stewardship and its financial performance. A firm which is committed to the development of its employee and empowerment is, by default, already incorporating some components of activities related to CSR. A firm that freely shares information with its employees about any move toward downsizing, and then helping the displaced employees in finding new jobs, is said to actively practice CSR. Moreover, a firm which is actively committed towards the production of reliable, safe and many innovative products and services which is in line with the customer needs is said to be strategically involved in the CSR activities. There can be situations where employees can become cynical that while on one side the organization is fairly generous in its donations and charities, it does not adequately express sensitivity to the working conditions or to employees' safety. In such conditions, the public could become critical if it so turned out that an organization is not showing responsibility towards its environmental issues. CSR is, thus considered a management approach which takes into account several integrated procedures. The socio-economic and cultural background that is present in developing countries provides a context for CSR that is different in many ways from the developed countries.

Job analysis 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job analysis 1 - Essay Example Several studies have explored the close link between job analysis and company performance and conclude that when the analysed jobs suit the employees well, they perform well in their jobs, and this translates to improved company performance in general (Cascio, 1998). It is essential that a job analysis to accurately identify the jobholder’s knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) because this would decide the operational effectiveness in the provision of quality performance of a worker (Safdar et al., 2010). Cascio (1995) claims that when organizations understand the KSA of their employees, it helps them plan for changes or create new jobs and recruit the qualified candidate accordingly so organizational goals are met. Cornelius et al. (1979) enumerated categories of job analysis methods. One is the task-oriented approach wherein each job is broken down into more basic units called tasks. The focus of analysis for this approach is the work activity itself. Another is the worker- oriented job approach where the unit of analysis is not the task but the human behaviours involved in completing the work. Jobs are described by the processes undertaken by the workers. Third and last is the abilities-oriented approach proposed by Fleishman (1972, 1975). This approach focuses on the underlying abilities and aptitudes of the worker – the qualities he possesses that make him suited for the job. For this particular job analysis project, it will fall under the abilities-oriented approach which corresponds to the competency-focused approach (Siddique, 2004). It will give special attention to competencies such as â€Å"interpersonal skills, conflict resolution skills, innovative thinking, flexibility, decision-making ability and self-motivation (Sherman et al., 1998; Dessler ,2003)† (Siddique, 2004, p. 226). That is why it is important to analyse the jobholder’s skills as it applies to her job. This job analysis is for a secretary/ administrative assi stant. The methods used were interviews and self-reports based on standardized questionnaires taken by the jobholder. These evaluation questionnaires were part of the jobholder’s human resource training conducted recently. Its purpose was to evaluate the jobholder’s skills and its compatibility for her job and her future aspiration to be part of the sales team. The jobs she is currently holding as secretary/ administrative assistant as well as the job she wants in the future in sales both need skills in customer relations. The method of interview with the jobholder initiated the job analysis. I spent one afternoon talking with the jobholder, asking semi-structured questions about her work. Soon, she revealed her own self-analysis which will later be reconciled with the job analysis and if she is in the right job. Summary of Interview Job Description The jobholder’s work as a secretary doubles as the administrative assistant to 2 General Sales Managers. Her job d escription includes assisting her supervisors and the entire sales team of 48 taskforce to manage office administration procedures. Her general administrative duties include correspondence, invoicing, advertisements, calculation of timesheets, petty cash and office equipment maintenance and a full spectrum of secretarial duties. She

Reflect on your reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflect on your reading - Essay Example Redding 1). Wilson knew that the Drugs were not harmful as initially thought and should have suspended the search and looked for other prudent ways of asking the girl why she carried the prescriptions to school. I agree with the judges finding that there was no need to be suspicious of Savanas acts based on the drug issues. However, I agree that carrying out a search was essential only to the extent to which evidence could be derived. The suspicion was necessary because it could have been possible that Savana carried other hard drugs to school and using the prescriptions only as collateral. The fourth amendments findings on the search issues were correctly observed (Safford Unified School District v. Redding 4). Case in point is that a search requires a higher threshold and reasonable causes. In order to conduct a search, there has to be reasonable facts leading to a particular action. I agree with the findings that Savanas rights based on the fourth amendment were grossly violated even though the school officials did not live within the confines of the amendment at the time of their

History of the Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the Modernity - Essay Example These ideologies were given names suffixed with 'ism' to the principle governing theory; like, Radicalism (Radical-ism), Republicanism, Socialism, Nationalism, Conservatism, and Classical Liberalism. They had their origination in the Enlightenment era which had like thinkers Rene Descartes, Voltaire and Jean Jacques-Rousseau. Rousseau argued for liberty, and demand for equality of men. In The Social Contract he states, "the human race would perish unless it changed its manner of life." (p. 34) This brief essay shall try to answer some questions associated with the above period of European history, such as: the impact of the changes in European cities between 1815 and 1850, the impact of Industrial Revolution on the urban landscape, the appraisal of problems of by contemporaries regarding the social cost of the Industrial Revolution and the interpretation of modern historians interpret those costs. In the process it shall envisage an understanding of the subject, in terms of the impact of technological revolution that drove industrial revolution, and ideological changes that effected political changes in countries like France, Britain and indeed whole of Europe. In Britain, M Changes in the European Cities (years 1815-50) In Britain, Manchester had more than about "four hundred thousand inhabitants" (Engels p. 39) and gives a vivid picture of industrial pollution already making the river water "narrow, coal-black, foul-smelling stream, full of debris and refuse" (p.41). His record indicates that a railway line was already established between Leeds and Liverpool. The industrial boom in Manchester is further indicated by his record that there were "tanneries, bone mills and gas-works" (p.41) Manchester, had all the water, railway connection to carry raw materials and its cotton-manufacture-conducive climate, made it and important industrial town. Richard Guest records of the cotton manufacturing activities in Manchester and other cities of England, "In 1818, there were in Manchester, Stockport, Middleton, Hyde, Stayley Bridge, and their vicinities, fourteen factories, containing about two thousand Looms" the same increased to 32 in 1821, with 5732 looms; and since then it only steadily increased. Coal was also mined and at collieries in some places like Yorkshire and Lancashire, East of Scotland and South Wales, women workers were also engaged (Parliamentary Papers, 1842, Vol XVI, pp. 24, 196). 'Chartism' or the radical movement of the English working class, came out with a "People's Charter" (1837) with six points, which was submitted to the British Parliament in the year 1838. The development in Russia/Poland was more political in nature, with Poland declaring independence from Russia in St. Petersburg, in the year 1932, in order ensure "the continuance of all the essential requisites for the happiness of individuals, and of the country in general, namely, security of persons and property, liberty of conscience, and all the laws and privileges of towns and communes" (Hordynacki pp. 424-428) Vienna and the rest of Europe in general seem to be more under the influence of

Strategic Planning for International Travel Essay - 1

Strategic Planning for International Travel - Essay Example Today, Spain is next to France in terms of number of tourists and is next to USA in terms of value of tourism sales (Travel and tourism in Spain). Another nation which economy got a badly needed shot in the arm and made a spurious revival of its economy, thanks to its beach and sex tour strategy is Thailand. New Zealand, at the moment, is poised to aggressively attract visitors to its pristine mountains, geysers, lakes and its clean environment. Prime Minister Helen Clarke believes that tourism will give New Zealand unprecedented prosperity. For its travel strategy, it intends to use "the national traits of guardianship and hospitality". Clarke dictates that there must be a vision and must have a foundation or underpinning to which everything else is attached (New Zealand tourism strategy 2015, p.1). The UK, still exulting after bagging the privilege of hosting the 2012 Olympic Games and the paralympic games, has realised the importance of fortifying its tourism industry even beyond 2012 and the fact that for it to be successful in this endeavour, it must have a solid travel and tourism strategy, both international and domestic. ... It has refurbished its VisitBritain tourism agency "to promote Britain internationally in 36 markets so as to generate wealth and jobs across Britain" (VisitBritain, the national tourism agency). To do this, it must foster partnership with private entities and provide them with all the support including advice and needed information. UK has also encouraged the GTBS or Green Tourism Business Scheme, which has "over 1400 members" in its efforts to lure tourists to savor "a green holiday" consisting of pristine scenery, pure unadulterated air and water with biodiversity to boot. This, here, is a fine example of public-private partnership to push through tourism success. The 1,400 private members do the funding while the government sets the right environmental climate for tourism success so in the final analysis, their investments will be recouped in the form of glorious profits. It has been established that Scotland is now the leading ecotourism destination in Europe as 92% of these tre kkers ranked scenery as one important factor that made them decide to visit Scotland for their holiday destination. (Green tourism business scheme). As of today, "the UK's flourishing tourism industry generates over 85 billion pounds a year for the British economy. It is one of our biggest employers, directly responsible for 1.4 million jobs, or one in every 20 people in work" (Purnell 2008, p.1). But this statistic is mere pittance compared to those of USA, Spain, France, Thailand, and the rest of them. UK has to catch up, for more prosperity's sake and more employment for its citizenry. It's winning the hosting of the 2012 Olympic Games is one golden opportunity it must harness to make a clean break and put itself at

The Movie Waiting for the End of the World by Lee Deaville Essay

The Movie Waiting for the End of the World by Lee Deaville - Essay Example This is possible through the unlinking of the audio and video tracks and ensuring that transitions are spiced up while keeping the engagement of the audience to the movie (Deaville, 2009). For instance, we first hear the alarm and then realize that there was someone sleeping has to wake up to report to work.The result is that the sound cuts into a scene prior to the picture or cuts immediately after the picture to form audio-lead-video split and video-lead-audio split respectively (Louise, 2011). The second is the match cut. The form of editing involved here is that of combining two shots of varying angle and configuration. In this regard, the action continues from one to shot to the other within the same place and time (Deaville, 2009). At times during work in the supermarket, there are many instances of the sound of a trolley on the move without first seeing who is pushing it and to what direction.The intention is to make sure that all action is shown in seamless progression while focussing on action’s detail, offering a varying perspective to augment three-dimensionality, and the addition of vigor and upsurge pacing(Louise, 2011). The third editing technique in the movie is the motivated cut. This cut is deliberately put especially on the point where their viewer is glued to a scene and then immediately the wants to see what is not observable at that time. The action in this editing is the determinant of the editing and camera work, especially in the shot/reverse shot technique. When the actor imagines that at times he feels he is not alone in the supermarket, the camera remains glued to him but the background noise justifies that the actor is really not alone and wants to learn the next clue (Deaville, 2009). Hitchcock's North by Northwest makes use of numerous editing techniques that clearly display numerous scenes clearly and smoothly. Through Hitchcock’s editing, the audience manages to see various scenes  through his eyes just the way they happen and in the way he sees them.  

Plastic Q-Tips Essay Example for Free

Plastic Q-Tips Essay Since the swabs of Q-Tips are made up of cotton, one of the environmental impacts of manufacturing them in huge quantities throughout the year is that it makes use of tens if not hundreds of millions of paper or plastic sticks for the rod holding the cotton swab. Apparently, the paper sticks are generally manufactured from trees, thereby posing the threat to the environment in terms of trees being cut down solely for the purpose of turning them into small paper rods. On the other hand, plastic Q-Tips rods disposed by the millions can eventually form into a massive heap of plastic garbage when combined altogether. Since these are made up of non-biodegradable material, there is an urgent need to recycle the plastic Q-Tips rods so that they will not pose more significant threats to the environment. Even though there are hazardous chemicals involved in the manufacture of Q-Tips, they can still pollute the environment especially when they are improperly disposed and recycled. The plastic rods of Q-Tips may be small but when all of the Q-Tips in the world are taken together they can turn into one massive garbage problem. Apparently, the rod of Q-Tips should be made as a renewable resource that can be recycled over and over for a long cycle of production and consumption. The fact that the rod is made of plastic indicates that manufacturers of Q-Tips should take advantage of recycling disposed plastic rods or any used plastic material and making use of them as recycled plastic rods for Q-Tips. Q-Tips are first manufactured in the factories, packaged and delivered to their clients such as supermarkets. The buying public purchases these items from their local stores and later on use them in their homes for different purposes such as for personal hygiene or cleaning the small parts of home appliances. Reference Q-Tips. (2009). Retrieved from http://qtips. com March 8, 2009.

Age Related Nuclear Cataract Treatment

Age Related Nuclear Cataract Treatment P750 LOGBOOK 5 STUDENT ID : 6469969 Age related nuclear cataract is the anterior segment disease and it is the clouding of ocular lens characterized by reduced antioxidant levels in the lens core. Antioxidant cystine is a amino acid having molecular weight 240.3 g/mol and solubility of 50 mg/ml in 1 M Hcl is used to prevent cataract formation. To treat cataract, cystine is applied topically in the form of eye drops. The factors that reduce cystine bioavailability are, Tear film :- Topically applied drugs will first encounter tear film and it is considered as first protective structure. Nasolacrimal drainage system :- After the application cystine eye drops tear fluid turnover doubles it is called as washout effect. Due to pH and foreign body sensation reflex tearing will occur. Cornea :- It is the main mechanical barrier. Due to its sandwich like structure drugs with molecular weight less than 5 K Da and partition coefficient of 10 to 100 can pass through it. Cornea is composed of three layers, the outermost layer is epithelium which is lipophilic in nature, middle layer is stroma which is hydrophilic in nature and innermost layer is endothelium which is lipophilic in nature. FORMULATION PARAMETERS : The formulation parameters to be considered in formulating a topical cystine eye drops are, Physico chemical drug properties :- Partition coefficient log p of the formulation should range from 10 to 100. Molecular weight – molecular weight of the formulation should be less than 5 K Da. Charge – charge of the drug should be positive. Buffer capacity and pH :- eye drops should be formulated with a pH range of 7.0 to 7.7. If the pH is 7, 99% of the drug remains in unionized form and favors the permeation through lipophilic epithelium. If the pH is more than 7, most of the drug ionizes and easily diffuses through the hydrophilic stroma. Viscosity : viscosity of the eye drop preparation must be around 15 m Pa. Instillation volume :- instillation volume must be less than 30 Â µl because cul – de – sac can hold up to 30 Â µl. Osmotic pressure :- osmotic pressure of the eye drop must range between 310 to 350 m osm/kg Antioxidants :- cystine itself acts as a antioxidant, no other preservatives are required. FORMULATION APPROACH : Colloidal ocular delivery systems like micro emulsions are used to deliver the antioxidant cystine in the form of topical eye drops. Micro emulsions : Micro-emulsions acts as vehicles for the delivery of antioxidant cystine in the form of topical eye drops. In micro emulsions phase transition will occur between the bi-continuous micro-emulsion, oil in water emulsion, water in oil emulsion, and lamellar crystals. Components of micro emulsions are, Water. Oils like mineral oil, vegetable oils, di and triglycerides, fatty acid ester. Surfactant – non ionic, amphoteric and less commonly anionic and cationic surfactants are used. Co-surfactant – short and medium chain alcohols are used as co-surfactants. Advantages of phase transitions of micro-emulsions W/O micro :-emulsion : these micro-emulsions are responsible for protection of water soluble drugs and sustained release of water soluble drugs. O/W micro-emulsions :- these micro-emulsions are responsible for increasing solubility of lipophilic drugs. Bi-continuous micro-emulsions :- these micro-emulsions are having good wetting and spreading properties on the ocular surface hence these are used in ocular drug delivery systems. Micro-emulsions are having low viscosity hence it is easy to instill. These micro-emulsions are thermodynamically stable. These are easy to prepare, no mixing is required. In these micro-emulsions we can detect the phase separation easily, drug precipitation and microbial contamination. Micro-emulsions are used as vehicles due to solubilization of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. By using the micro-emulsions as vehicles we can increase the bio-availability of drugs. Glaucoma is anterior segment disease characterized by raised intra ocular pressure, which results in the loss of regional ganglia cells and degeneration of optic nerve. Glaucoma is the main ocular disease responsible for blindness. Antisense oligonucleotides (As ODN) helps in curing glaucoma disease. Antisense oligonucleotides (As ODN) : These are single stranded DNA fragments of 10 to 30 nucleotides, complementary to the target mRNA. Mechanism of action – Generally, DNA transcripts mRNA in the nucleus and this mRNA enters into the cytoplasm and ribosomes translate the mRNA. Finally results in the formation of proteins. Antisense oligonucleotides (As ODN) having complementary base sequence to that of mRNA binds with mRNA and prevents the formation of Cx proteins from it. Delivery route : I would like to choose intra-vitreous delivery route because, periocular injections of antisense oligonucleotides is responsible for poor stability and it is difficult for antisense oligonucleotides to penetrate through the cells. Intra-vitreous injection : It is the injection of antisense oligonucleotides into the vitreous with the help of a needle. In the treatment of many of the ocular diseases intra-vitreous administration of drugs is used. Advantages of intra-vitreous injection : This delivery route is responsible for achieving high concentration of drug in the vitreous. There will be no side effects, because it is not a systemic administration. Disadvantages of intra-vitreous injection : From the vitreous, many drugs are rapidly cleared due to blood – retinal barrier, therefore repeated dose administration is required. Frequent injections leads to endopthalmitis, lens damage, detachment of retina. FORMULATION PARAMETERS :- Chemical modification : chemical modification of antisense oligonucleotides leads to increased or decreased solubility, stability etc.. Phospho-diester group :- By replacing oxygen from the phospho-diester group with sulphur, stability and solubility increases and RNase H cleavage will occur. By replacing oxygen with methyl group there is increased stability but decrease in solubility, due to lack of charge cellular uptake will not occur, no RNase H activity. Sugar moiety modification :- By adding a alkyl group at the 2nd position of ribose, there is increase in hydrophilicity and binding affinity but mismatches will occur and no RNase H cleavage. Other modification :- Replacement of phospho-diester group with polyamide results in high affinity to mRNA but aqueous solubility decreases, cellular uptake decreases and no RNase H cleavage. FORMULATION APPROACH :- To prevent antisense oligonucleotides (As ODN) from enzymatic degradation and to improve the cellular uptake a variety of formulation approaches have been put forward. They are, liposomes, nanoparticles, peptides, dendrimers, and physical methods. Among these i would like to choose multi functional dendrimer carriers. Dendrimer carriers :- Dendrimers are branched molecules and spherical in nature. Dendrimers are divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight species. The properties of dendrimers depends on the functional groups at their molecular level. Dendrimers are cationic in nature and possess positive charge on it. Antisense oligonucleotides shows its therapeutic effect at cytoplasmic level and these antisense oligonucleotides are anionic in nature and possess negative charge. During the formulation, dendrimer undergoes complexation and condensation with antisense oligonucleotides. The functional groups present at the molecular level are. Cell penetrating peptide :- TAT peptide is derived from human immunodeficiency virus and it acts as a cell penetrating peptide. TAT helps in cellular uptake of dendrimer antisense oligonucleotide complex. Fusogenic peptide :- Dendrimer- antisense oligonucleotide complex binds to the cell membrane than enters in to the cell through endocytosis. These fusogenic peptide helps in endisomal escape. Influenza virus hemagglutinin subunit-2 is a fusogenic peptide. Lipoamino acid :- This functional group helps in improving permeability and stability. Example, C14 Disadvantage of dendrimer carrier : cytotoxicity increases due to the presence of cell penetrating peptides and fusogenic peptides REFERENCE :- Dr Ilva Rupenthal lecture notes given on 4th April 2014.

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session The responsibility of a coach is to develop an athletes physical, technical, tactical and mental abilities. Moreover, their overall aim is to win in competition. As Martens(1987) suggests, one of the most important roles of the coach in competitive sport is to help athletes become more proficient in their performance. A good quality coach, meeting these criteria will be identified as superior. The media may play a role in developing a coachs portfolio focusing on their athletes wins and strategies. However, just focusing on wins/losses may prove to be limiting. There are many superior coaches who are not so well known and coach at a lower competitive level. Accordingly to Horne(2008)effective coaching is defined as, that which results in successful performance outcomes, wins/losses, self-perceived performance abilities or positive psychological response of the athlete. In relation to netball, by the coach adopting suitable leadership behaviour she is able to extract positive actions from the player to achieve set goals within competition/practice situations. As Bompa(1983)suggests, this role can include a wide range of tasks from sequential development/mastery of basic skills for beginners, to the more specialised physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation of elite athletes. Subsequently, according to Horn(1992)the type of leadership behaviour exhibited by the coach can have a significant effect on the performance/psychological well being of the athlete. As Sherman,FullerSpeed(2000) states, athletes partaking in netball specified that positive feedback, training and instruction, together with democratic behaviour were preferred coaching methods to social support and autocratic behaviour. Coaching behaviours, therefore, are important; one tool to measure this is, the Coaching Behaviour Assessment System, LacyDarst(1985). Research on this aspect provides valuable information relating to leadership styles/feedback patterns and expectancy effects. However, it does not provide an insight into an athletes actual experience of being coached. As Valle,KingHalling(1989)suggests, in recent decades the definition of psychology was expanded to incorporate the study of both human behaviour/experience. Subsequently, the majority of research relating to coaching has focused on the behavioural/ordinary effectiveness, rather than the experimental/extraordinary greatness. When using these theories in netball the coach will need to be able to identify individual characteristics of particular players, including their strengths/weaknesses and apply them to differing conditions in order for them to meet their objectives. As Chelladurai(1978)states, effective coaching behaviour will vary a cross specific contexts as the characteristics of the athletes and the prescribed situation change. For an individual netball player to achieve improvement in athletic performance, it may be necessary for a particular coaching behaviour to be adopted to which the athlete is receptive. In netball training, it must be considered that a suitable coaching behaviour applied for one player may be an ineffective approach for another. According to Tinning(1982)a specific behaviour adopted by the coach may be more productive of certain outcomes than others. Again, the coach when reflecting on the team will need to tackle the varying needs and preferences of individual players. The coach may choose to implement either a homogenous approach, treating all the players equally, or alternatively create a heterogeneous style that gives differential treatment to individual players. Furthermore, it is paramount for the coach to be aware of the players coaching preferences in order to maintain motivation and enhance performance. According to ChelladuraiCarron(1978)if a coach adapts her behaviour to c omply with an athletes preference, the athlete may be more prepared to improve their overall performance. Another recognition of good quality netball coaching is The United Kingdom Coaching Certificate, which is an endorsement of sports-specific coach education. It ensures that the sport of netball is providing the best athlete centred coaching available in recreational, development and performance environments. It is a combined netball development between English/Welsh/Scottish netball amenities. It also encourages change in the structure/education within netball, by addressing the needs of the game by supporting the present/future players. It is a four level coaching structure, consisting of the following aspects: What the qualified coach is able to accomplish: 4 Design, evaluate and implement the progression/outcome of long-term/specialist coaching programmes 3 Plan , analyse, implement and revise annual coaching programmes 2 Preparation of, appraise and provide coaching sessions 1 Assist more qualified coaches, conveying aspects of coaching sessions to players, normally under direct supervision Table 1: Illustrates four level coaching structure The advantage of the UKCC is to enable the netball coach to acquire current qualifications and be adequately assessed. There are ongoing flexible resources available to accommodate/support individual coaches/players needs and environment, such as improved training/quality assurance. Furthermore, within a netball environment the UKCC will benefit the coach by providing them with UK recognised qualifications, coach centred training programmes and assist in enhancing their profile/skills. A systematic observation/evaluation of the selected sport of netball and surrounding coaching practices has been undertaken in order to evaluate the coaching process. In observing a particular training session, the qualities/weaknesses of the coach may be identified through evaluating the processes they put into practice. The data will also help to process why preparation is required to improve the session, game/players skills/motivation/confidence and set/meet aims/objectives. The level of competition at which the players are competing is County/National level. The gender profile of the team concerned consists of young female participants aged 18-21, with varying degrees of expertise/fitness levels. The coach, herself, is a 32 year-old female, with a good fitness level, eight years experience and a UKCC qualification at level 2. Data collated from questionnaires completed by the coach, player and an assessor has identified positive feedback factors together with aspects that need to be addressed. Figure 1.0 illustrates the analytical findings of the coach herself, the players experience and the overall assessment. The findings from the data suggest that the coachs self-assessment identified a shortfall in her preparation, communication/skill practice and gives her the opportunity to focus on these weaknesses. However, her assessment actually found her organisation skills to be very good, perhaps there is a lack of confidence in her actual ability. It also found her demonstration/skill practice to be of a fairly good standard, but with a little room for improvement. The data representative of the mean player, however, illustrates some problem areas, especially where communication, preparation and demonstrations are concerned. It is important for the player to feel confident in the planned session and easily understand the demonstrative skills, whether verbal/physical as this helps them to meet their goals and improve motivation. The information relating to the Assessors evaluation tends to suggest that organisation was of a very high standard, demonstration/skill practice and overall rating wer e too of a good standard, illustrating that the coach was quite enthusiastic in her approach to teaching. However, the areas of preparation/communication were identified as needing to be addressed. Improvements need to be made in preparing training sessions and ensuring equipment is adequate for the task. The coach also needs to learn how to communicate more easily both with other staff members/players. Therefore, the key areas requiring improvement are preparation/communication. The coach may need to learn new techniques relating to preparing training sessions to make them more interesting, effective/time-efficient. She may also need to adjust her method of coaching or leadership style in order to address varying individuals differently to improve communication amongst the team. The theory of coaching itself, is a form of leadership, identifying/pursuing objectives. Particular mention should be given to the training theory, although the principles of planning incorporate a degree of habitual traits and fashion, periodisation/training loadings, the principles themselves are based on physiological/biological theories. The second term refers to the generic aspects of coaching practice/ behaviour common to all sports coaching processes. Sports coaching should be understood as a process. As CrossLyle(1999)suggests, the coach relationship between athlete /coach, coaching practice/behaviour, and the training/competition elements are all essentials of the coaching process. The coachs overall role is to improve performance in competitive sport through acquired knowledge, organisation and planning/identifying goals. Therefore, from the assessments it is evident that the netball coach seems to have adopted an authoritarian leadership style, this being dictatorial in nature with the coach making all the decisions and the athletes responding suitably to commands. However, this approach does have disadvantages, defeat may be taken badly, sensitive performers may be handled inadequately/evident high sense of anxiety in players. This approach works on the assumption that as the coach has the necessary knowledge, experience and power, she should instruct the athletes and they should listen, absorb and comply with these instructions without retaliation. However, the model of a superior coach is to be able to communicate coaching actions/influences to the players and provide a stable environment in which to learn. They should be consistent training/relationships, be able to manage in a team environment such as netball and develop a working system. With an effective approach in place the players should know exactly what is expected of them and what they expect form their coach, allowing them to focus on their coachs actions/their own performance and overall development. Subsequently, the relationship between the coach/athletes needs to be robust enough to convey technical skills/mentoring from the coach to the athletes. Any developmental weaknesses should be able to be identified/enhanced through the appreciatio n of self/other awareness. This aspect is especially important within the sport of netball to provide an efficient, competitive game plan. A coachs performance, especially if high performance may be evaluated using athlete feedback. As Franks(2004)states, there is intrinsic feedback that athletes obtain through participating in sport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.extrinsic feedback includes knowledge of results(outcome) and knowledge of performance (process). As seen in the observations, feedback seems to be somewhat restricted in certain areas. Obviously, this needs to be addressed in order to observe, monitor performance and correct any errors within the training session. As Martens(1997)suggests, use sight and sound in providing feedback. This is important as individuals learn in different ways some gain more from explanations, whereas others may need demonstrations. In netball this is paramount as it can illustrate how players may refine certain movements, such as passing/shooting. Cox(1991)suggests, verbal feedback is a vitally important issue in effective coaching. It may take several different forms, each of which reinforces players in a predictable fashion. As Cox(1991) points out, four questions in order to test effectiveness verbal feedback are required. These include, are the majority of statements to athletes of value, perhaps encouraging, is corrective feedback phrases negative or positive, when coaching numerous athletes is feedback given to an athlete so that the others can hear and finally, do I give feedback to my athletes whilst they are working and practising? As feedback within the netball observation is relatively poor between coach/players, to enhance this perhaps positive praise can be given to the players only when they understand the reason for it. Corrective feedback should also be phrased in a positive way and if there is any criticism to be made it is best for this to done individually so as not to expose a players weakness. Finally, feedback should be given immediately after performance, rather than during it. These methods will help improve performance without affecting motivation. Motivation is a key factor in netball as it helps to improve the players game, work and train hard to the best of their ability. If the coach is good at motivating her players they will want to play for her particular team. For good motivation this depends on who the coach is and what she actually does. Motivation can be an individual thing, some players may be motivated by the enthusiasm/caring nature of the coach, others by the desire to please the coach, but on the whole motivation is improved by a good communication relationship, the setting of goals and a vision for the future. As Wooden(2004)states, you should study/analyse each individual to find out what makes them tick, you can then get them under your control. Therefore the netball coach needs to motivate each player in the team. As stated in the theory of cognitive-evaluation DeciRyan(1985)and Vallerand et al(1987), this theory examines the relationship between intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, in particular the impact rewar ds upon behaviour and performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦athletes have two innate needs, to feel competent and self-determining in their activities (Finch,2002). The netball coach by giving her players more verbal/physical encouragement will increase their confidence and boost moral. According to Finch(2002),DudaTreasure(2001)the theoretical perspective on athlete motivation believes that attributions affect expectations of future success or failure and the emotional reactions of performers. By reflecting on various theories, the netball coach will need to give consideration to and improve her weak communication skills. The assessment of coaches is paramount to reflect on coaching skills and coaches can be assessed by using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport(CBSS), Cote,Yardley,Hay,Sedgwick Baker(1999). The CBSS may be applied to an athlete at one or more points in time in invasive, competitive sport, usually around mid/end of season. Data collected during the mid season will provide useful feedback to the coach, allowing any issues to be addressed in the second half of the season. An end of season evaluation is also recommended. Ideally, the athlete will meet an independent Assessor to discuss the objectives of the evaluation. An athletes qualitative feedback relating to their coachs abilities to teach technical skills and set goals is important. As McKerman(1996)suggests, coach evaluations, must be an enquiry into ones own performance. One needs to have a set of questions in which answers are sought through a form of research into ones professional practice. Reflective practice allows a coach to appreciate varying styles/methods of coaching relevant to different individuals or age groups, an important factor in netball coaching. Therefore, without a reflective structure the coach would not be able to re-evaluate the training processes. As Pollard(2002)states, reflective teaching is applied in a cyclical process, where coachs monitor/evaluate and adjust their own practice. The netball coach obviously needs to reconsider her selection of relevant coaching styles to accommodate various individuals, especially those who require more independence/self-reliance to progress. A good netball coach should be able to encourage this aspect to assist those players who require to be interdependent. By communicating with a positive clear strong voice/praising where necessary, she should make her instructions/reinforcement easy to understand. This in turn will enhance team moral and performance. If a netball coach has necessary knowledge/experience she will be able identify any weaknesses within the team/game plan, reflecting on them accordingly. As Pollard(2002)states the importance of reflection within coaching, the process of reflective teaching supports the development/maintenance of professional expertise. Therefore, reflective practice demands a coach to honestly assess their own behaviour. Furthermore, reflective evaluation is useful in evaluating highlights where there are social needs within a sport, for example children. This is important when planning training sessions, in order not to overload. The coach will need to identify/supervise a player who performs differently to the norm. This should in fact be nurtured, as it may be a new artistic style to be developed in the future. Experimentation of ideas may unlock an individuals potential, however, the coach should remain decisive/positive in her actions. Failure to do so, may affect the confidence of a player and their faith in the coach. As Tolstoy(1861;1967)cited by Schon(1991)suggests, each coach must, by regarding every imperfection in the individuals comprehension not as a defect in his on instruction endeavour to develop in their selves to discovering new methods. Sport management needs to be applied in netball coaching. The assessment on the whole seems to highlight preparation/organisation to be of a relatively good standard. Organisation will often be influenced by environmental situations in which the coach is working/structures in place. However, problem areas are evident, these relate to preparation/time-control/verbal communication. Time-keeping by individual players/training sessions is a fundamental aspect in organisation as it helps keep structure in place. It seems the relevant training session was slightly disorganised and late to start, this may have had an overall influence on coaching demonstrations, as they may have been rushed to keep to a schedule As a manager, the coach will be responsible for developing team structure amongst the players and possibly developing the configuration of the support organisation too. Staffing involves the selection of players/assistant coaches/others to help the team achieve its goals, together with training, assigning specific duties and the provision of a working environment. Also, the netball coach will obviously be required to direct the team with good decision-making processes to meet objectives. Finally, she should be able to control the situation, by monitoring the process of achieving team goals via necessary adjustments as/and when required. In the planning process, the coach needs to distinguish what/and how she is going to teach her team. She should be able to recall characteristics of individual players in order to determine how much they can learn. As Martens(2004)suggests, this information may be acquired from previous training sessions and it is important to systematically evaluate the players on essential skills identified, in order to assess their starting point for instruction and how to personalise their training to maximise potential. The netball coach should also be well acquainted with rules and technical/tactical skills of the sport. To teach beginners, she ideally must have enough knowledge as is required to teach at professional level and there must be a strong understanding of the fundamentals. As Lyle(2002) suggests, the knowledge/skills of the coach is a key feature of the implementation of the coaching process, and the form/nature of the process are likely to be shaped by these capacities and the coachs personal characteristics/values. It is evident that the process requires direct intervention, strategic integration/ co-ordination and requires a distinctive set of skills/knowledge. As DeMarcoMcCullick(1997)states, expert coaches have a thorough knowledge of the sport they coach, team/player management, coaching principles/planning skills. The use of intuition in decision making tends to differentiate between expert/less expert coaches(Jones,2006). From the observations, there seems to be concerns relatin g to knowledge/skills of the coach. Some of these problems may result as a direct consequence of poor communication already identified. However, within the field of netball the coach may need to apply sport-specific skills by improving planning objectives. As Lyle(2002)suggests, improvement of sport performance is the central purpose of the coaching process and a detailed knowledge/understanding of performance is essential from target setting/prediction/monitoring progression to training programme design, planning strategy and tactics. With the balance of practice/competition management together with good planning, relevant feedback/communication, the original problems encountered may be improved. Obviously, the coach will need to be fully up to date with netball training techniques/competition requirements but consideration also needs to be given to the suitability of team members to the game, whether it is skill/fitness related and she should have the necessary interpersonal skill s to deal with this. As Lyle(2002)states, hereditary factors may set limits of performance. The quality of the coaching process will determine how close to those limits the athlete will reach. Once an understanding of how athletes learn and how relevant knowledge can be conveyed to the team the coach needs to focus on sport specific skills relating to netball and how to actually teach them. Firstly, the skill needs to be introduced by clear explanation/demonstration then put into practice and relevant feedback acquired to correct any errors. When introducing the skill the coach needs to do this with enthusiasm, expressed through words/actions, helping to make the topic interesting/productive. When she demonstrates a particular skill it should be performed as in a competitive situation, repeated several times and explained thoroughly to accommodate individualisation and varying learning attributes. As the coach has a UKCC qualification, she should have studied these areas during her training. However, if she requires further training she will be able to this under the scheme. Many players will express an appreciation of playing for good coaches who are honest, loyal and genuine, and also willingly serve in a variety of roles that go beyond the netball court. An individual coachs experience will emerge in many ways and most netball players have great respect for the veteran coaches. It does seem clear from the players experiences that it is not about what the coach does, but how she actually does it. As Gould,Guinain,Greenleaf,MedberyPeterson(1999)states, athletes view their coaches as teachers/mentors and friends. They also view their coaches as parental figures, Lidar,Lavyan (2002). The coach, herself, needs to relate to the players more through communicating performance information/player-roles/expectation/ individual goals and a team vision. The players are likely respond to direct, one/one comments and indirect methods. There are some variances in the validity of the results, this may be due to the effects of reflective coaching, coach/athlete may have been too lenient/harsh on themselves/others. The players may have reflected on past experiences and taken this into consideration when applying her information. Also, during assessment , environmental issues may have had an impact, or whilst the coach was assessed she may have enhanced her skills in particular areas, especially enthusiasm, however, she could not override the apparent discrepancies regarding preparation and communication. In conclusion, critical analysis and findings in the netball data obtained has characterised six major dimensions relating to the training session, and what the players relate to superior coaching. As HughesBartlett(2002)suggest, the objective analysis of sports performance must use clearly defined, relevant and valid performance indicators and the method of measurement must be demonstrated to be valid and reliable. These are, coach attributes, the environment in which they perform, the system/structures in place, good relationships between coach/players, their overall coaching actions and influences. One key point that materialised, was the importance of interaction and in this particular instance this seems to be limited. Obviously, when players first join a team, they familiarise themselves with their environment/structure/coach and hopefully a rapour develops between the coach/player, together with a feeling of unit reinforced with the teams dress attire. These aspects actually f orm the backbone of good coaching practice. Therefore, the exercise seems beneficial, as the evidence is suggestive of a lack of consistency in areas of her coaching. For future development and enhancement of overall performance the netball coach needs to focus on various attributes that compliment each other, such as interaction/relationships and communication.

Standard Oil 1911 :: essays research papers

Standard Oil Case of 1911 Out of the cases decided by the Supreme Court I feel the most influential dealt with the issue of Civil Rights. Two cases in particular that dealt with the post Civil War use of the Thirteenth Amendment were Jones v. Mayer, 1968 and Runyan v. McCrary, 1976. Although the Thirteenth Amendment was added to the constitution in 1865 it was not fully put to use until one hundred years later. That is why I feel that the judgements made by the Supreme Court in these two cases was necessary and showed the way our government can evolve to fit the times. The thirteenth stated that slavery would no longer be allowed in the U.S. unless used as punishment for a convicted crime. After the Civil War many civil rights laws were passed based on the Thirteenth Amendment but were later repealed. Congress drew the conclusion that racial discrimination did not place blacks in servitude. For years after it was believed that Congress did not have the power under the amendment to deal with racial discri mination. In the Jones v. Mayer case of 1968 helped to bring back the power of a lost Thirteenth civil rights law. The law stated that all citizens of The United States had the right to purchase, sell, or rent any territory that could be enjoyed by white citizens. Jones had sued Mayer because he refused to sell him a home because he was black. The Court decided for Jones saying the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and gives to Congress to abolish the "badges of slavery." In the 1976 Runyan v. McCrary case, two black students had been refused admittance into two private schools in Virginia. The Court applied another 1866 law that stated all citizens of The United States had the right to make and enforce contracts as do white citizens. Since the schools went against their publicly advertised admissions contract the Court decided for the students. These two cases are very influential because they used the Thirteenth Amendment to give Congress the right to do away with any rem aining "Badges of Slavery." Two cases that were not justly decided were Plessy v. Ferguson and Michael M. v. Superior Court. In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court decided that having separated but equal facilities was constitutional and did not inflict a "badge of slavery." However this gave people the right to segregation and discrimination which is unconstitutional.

Iago as the Hero of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Sha

Iago as the Hero of Othello      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Shakespearean play always includes a typical villain character. He is boisterous, egotistical, sometimes witty, and all too eager to seek revenge. In William Shakespeare Othello, Iago is the well-liked, trusted, and brave ensign of the great Venetian general Othello, or so it appears. Iago actually possesses all of the typical villainous qualities, however Iago conducts himself with great composure, and by manipulating his counterparts, he makes people believe he is on their side. I find this characteristic to be a very intriguing one that is not easy to perform. It is perhaps Iago's villainous actions throughout this play that lead me to believe that he is the hero rather than the typical villain. In the first scene of the play, we learn that Iago is jealous of Cassio because he has just received the rank of lieutenant, which Iago was expecting to receive. It is also obvious to the reader that Iago is contemptous of Othello who granted Cassio such a high ranking. From this point on Iago is able to It is from this scene on that Iago uses his brilliance to capture the attention of the people, both onstage and off. In order to do this Iago begins by informing the Moor that his new father-in-law has found out about his new relationship to Othello, and in turn he is very angry. However, a scene earlier Iago is the one who skillfully informs Barbantio that his daughter has run off with the Moor, but he did not actually do the telling. Instead Iago used more convincing words in order to get Roderigo to think he would win the new brides heart, if only he attempted to break up the marriage first by telling the father. When Iago finally tells the Moor that Barbantio is coming for him, we ... ...ns, he does not have to be a nice man, he just has to be able to act like one. A man who can change his entire demeanor with the wind, does not have to be viewed as a role model, but he is a hero in my mind. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Othello. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 39-55) Shakespeare, William.   â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   Ed. Sarah Lawall.   New York and London:   W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.   2115 – 2192. Vaughan, Virginia Mason, and Kent Cartwright, eds. Othello: New Perspectives. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, 1991.    Iago as the Hero of Shakespeare's Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Sha Iago as the Hero of Othello      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Shakespearean play always includes a typical villain character. He is boisterous, egotistical, sometimes witty, and all too eager to seek revenge. In William Shakespeare Othello, Iago is the well-liked, trusted, and brave ensign of the great Venetian general Othello, or so it appears. Iago actually possesses all of the typical villainous qualities, however Iago conducts himself with great composure, and by manipulating his counterparts, he makes people believe he is on their side. I find this characteristic to be a very intriguing one that is not easy to perform. It is perhaps Iago's villainous actions throughout this play that lead me to believe that he is the hero rather than the typical villain. In the first scene of the play, we learn that Iago is jealous of Cassio because he has just received the rank of lieutenant, which Iago was expecting to receive. It is also obvious to the reader that Iago is contemptous of Othello who granted Cassio such a high ranking. From this point on Iago is able to It is from this scene on that Iago uses his brilliance to capture the attention of the people, both onstage and off. In order to do this Iago begins by informing the Moor that his new father-in-law has found out about his new relationship to Othello, and in turn he is very angry. However, a scene earlier Iago is the one who skillfully informs Barbantio that his daughter has run off with the Moor, but he did not actually do the telling. Instead Iago used more convincing words in order to get Roderigo to think he would win the new brides heart, if only he attempted to break up the marriage first by telling the father. When Iago finally tells the Moor that Barbantio is coming for him, we ... ...ns, he does not have to be a nice man, he just has to be able to act like one. A man who can change his entire demeanor with the wind, does not have to be viewed as a role model, but he is a hero in my mind. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Othello. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 39-55) Shakespeare, William.   â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   Ed. Sarah Lawall.   New York and London:   W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.   2115 – 2192. Vaughan, Virginia Mason, and Kent Cartwright, eds. Othello: New Perspectives. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, 1991.   

Allelopathy

Allelopathic potential of crop residues for weed management in wheat under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. [email  protected] com RATIONALE †¢ Rainfed Wheat- Main winter crop grown by about 80% of the farmers on residual soil moisture, received during monsoon1. †¢ Weeds infestation- a major yield reducing factor (25-30%v); †¢ If weeds are controlled, crop yield can be enhanced by about 37%2. 1 Khaliq et al. , 2007) 2 (Bibi et al. , 2005). Cont†¦..Existing Weed Control systems: †¢ Traditional weed control methods (Hand weeding) are time consuming, weather dependent and labor intensive1 ; + Socio-economic issues:[small land holdings, family size =8, poverty, migration to cities] †¢ Herbicides use is limited in drylands + these are expensive with Environmental hazards2; Reduced Nutritive value of many crops 3 and Herbicide resistance4. 1 (Naveed et al. , 2008) 2 (Mancini et al. , 2008) 3 (Nazarko et al. , 2003). Cont†¦.. †¢ WM programs should focus on environmental safety along with benefits to the farmers. Alternate weed management systems need to be developed aimed to control weeds and raise the income of resource-poor farmers (increased crop yields) without despoiling the natural resource base. ALTERNATE WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS †¢ Allelopathy ? a mechanism of plant interference1 is a natural, inexpensive, environmentally safe and an organic approach to control weeds and increase crop yields while conserving the ecosystem2. †¢ Sorghum is highly allelopathic3 †¢ Sorghum residue may be effectively used to manage some of the important weeds in rainfed wheat without affecting crop in semi-arid environment4. (Weston, 2005) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) 1 (Weston and Duke, 2003) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) Cont†¦.. †¢ Water Extracts of different plant parts have different allelopathic potential 1. †¢ Sunf lower – possessed weed suppression ability 2 . †¢ The combination of two or more allelopathic aqueous extracts may act synergistically and cause more phyto-toxic effect on weeds 3. †¢ Mixing and applying sunflower and sorghum residue water extract (WE) may increase the spectrum of phytotoxic effects and may result in synergistic phytotoxic influences on weeds growth. 1 (Ben-Hammouda, et al. 001; Chung, et al. , 2003; Roth et al. , 2000) 2 (Bertholdsson, 2004; Singh et al. , 2001 ) 3 (Duke et al. , 2000; Cheema et al. , 2010) Cont†¦.. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH Overall objective: Evaluate the use of allelopathic crop residue collected from summer crop plants grown under drought and mineral stress conditions for weed management in wheat in semi-arid areas of Pakistan: Specific Objectives: †¢ Test water extracts (WE)of different plant parts of sorghum residue for weeds suppression in wheat. †¢ Evaluate the effects of sorghum residue mulch and sorghum WE for weed management in wheat. Investigate the influence of sole and combined sorghum and sunflower WE spray on weeds in wheat. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS †¢ Location: Three experiments were conducted at University Research Farm, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (33o 46 N, 73o 08 E). / / †¢ ~500 m above the sea level †¢ Experimental years: successive Rabi (winter) seasons from 2007-2010. Cont†¦.. †¢ Environmental Characterization: Climate Rainfall and ET o 200 160 Rainfall and ET0 (mm) 160 143 120 ETo 80 40 0 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Rain 140 121 Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 20 100 80 67 60 40 26 57 56 Sever Stress Period 27 21 7 15 39 43 20 0 Month Rainfall Distribution (1977-11) Source: Soil and water conservation Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan Growing Season Rainfall Period Monthly rain (mm) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Total 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Long-term Av. (1977-07) 0 42 30 0 166 147 14 20 7 15 27 39 56 43 Soil charact eristics †¢ Rawal soil series (Inceptisol-silty-clay-loam, Typic Ustochrept USDA classification and Calcaric Cambisols FAO classification scheme) with †¢ Organic matter 0. 5%. †¢ pH 7. 40 †¢ Ece 3 dSm-1 Cont†¦.. Weed Flora †¢ Anagallis arvensis L. (Blue pimfernal), †¢ Chenopodium album L. (Lambs quarter), †¢ Fumaria indica L. (Fumitory), †¢ Medicago polymorpha L. (Bur clover) †¢ Avena fatua L. (Wild oat), †¢ Convolvulus arvensis L. (Field bindweed), †¢ Medicago denticulata L. (Denticulate Medick), †¢ Rumex dentatus L. (Toothed dock) and †¢ Melilotus indica L. (Sweet clover) The experimental area was free of noxious and perennial weed species. Treatments (Exp-1) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract Hand weeding at 60 days after sowing (DAS) †¢ Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 8 0 DAS †¢ Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + root WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-2) WE: Water extract †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) †¢ Hand weeding at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 5 Mg ha-1 (Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-3) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 +10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 + 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DASResearch Methodology: Preparation of water extract †¢ Sunflower and sorghum plants were harvested at maturity, grains were separated and residue was sundried and chaffed with fodder cutter into 2 cm pieces. †¢ Chaffed residue was soaked in de-ionized water in 1:10 (1 kg each of herbage in 10 L of water) in separate containers for 24 h at room temperature to prepare water extract (WE) . †¢ WE from respective containers were obtained by filtering the mixture through a screen. The volume of respective filtrate was reduced twenty times by continuously boiling at 100 0C to prepare water extract (Cheema and Khaliq, 2000). Sowing and cultural practices †¢ Seedbed was prepared by giving four cultivations each followed by planking. †¢ Fertilizer @ 125- kg N and P2O5 ha-1 was applied at the time of seedbed preparation. †¢ Wheat cv. ‘Inqilab-91’ was seeded @125 kg ha-1 was during November with a single row hand drill in ro ws 30 cm apart. Layout design: RCBD with 4R; Eight rows 30 cm apart per treatment were maintained in plot size of 7. 0 x 2. 4 m. †¢ The wheat variety, sowing time, layout plan and other cultural practices were almost same for every year. Measures: Weeds †¢ Weed density †¢ Weed dry weight (biomass) Wheat †¢ Spike length (cm), †¢ Spikelets spike-1 †¢ Grains spike-1 †¢ Fertile tillers m-2 †¢ 1000-grain weight. Statistical analysis The data were subjected to analysis of variance technique. F-statistic was based on residual mean square error.The LSD at 5% level of probability was used for comparison of treatment means (Montgomery, 2001). RESULTS & DISCUSSION Experiment # 1 Phyto-toxic effects of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on Weeds density & Dry weight Treatments Control (Un-weeded check) Hand weeding at 60 DAS Exp-1 Weed density ( m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS Weeds dry weight (g m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS 147 a 79 d (-46*) 132 a 78 f (-41) 36. 7 g (-72) 102 c (-22) 112 b (-15) 113 b (-14 88 e (-33) 94 de (-29) 102 cd (-23) 8. 52 2 a 12 e (-45) 5. 5 f (-75) 18 cd (-16) 20 b (-8) 20 b (-8) 17 d (-22) 17 cd (-20) 19 bc (-14) 1. 54 27 a 17 e (-38) 8. 77 f (-67) 21 c (-21) 24 b (-11) 23 b (-14) 18 e (-34) 20 d (-27) 27 c (-20) 1. 57 Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 34 e (-77) at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L 117 c (-21) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L 129 b (-12) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L 127 b (-14) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root [email  protected] 5+5 L 113 c (-23) ha-1 at 60 and 80DAS Sorghum stem + leaf [email  protected] 5+5 L 111 c (-24) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 121 bc (-18) L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 10. 41 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control. Effect of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on yield components and wheat grain yield Treatments Control (Un- weeded check) Tillers (m-2) Spike length (cm) Spikelet # spike-1 Grains # 1000-Grain spike-1 weight (g) Exp-1Grain yield (T ha-1) 345e Hand weeding at 60 DAS 396b Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g 427a ha-1 at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root [email  protected] 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + leaf [email  protected] 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 9. 0e 10. 3abcd 11. 2a 10. 0bcde 9. 5de 9. 8cde 10. 9 ab 10. abc 10. 7 abc 1. 03 20. 7 21. 0 20. 9 21. 1 20. 5 21. 1 20. 2 21. 0 20. 2 – 41. 7c 47. 3ab 49. 4a 48. 8ab 47. 3ab 46. 1b 49. 0ab 48. 0ab 48. 0ab 3. 04 32. 5e 33. 7d 34. 6bc 35. 6a 33. 6d 33. 1de 36. 0a 33. 9cd 35. 2ab 0. 90 2. 76f 3. 2bc (+18) 3. 5a (+26) 3. 1cde (+12) 3. 0de 2. 9ef (+8) (+6) 365cde 353de 349e 357de 385bc 376bcd 54. 45 3. 3ab (+20) 3. 3abc (+19) 3. 2bcd (+14) 213. 2 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control.FINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 1: †¢ Sorghum stem + root [email  protected] 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS treatment caused 33% reduction in weed density and dry weight by about; †¢ This reduction was 41% in hand weeding and 72% by the application of Logron @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments were statistically same as in hand weeding and herbicide application. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 2 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONFINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 2: †¢ Data showed that incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and twotimes sprays of Sorghum water extract @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weight by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95DAS. †¢ Maximum increase (33%) in wheat grain yield was recorded in plots where two times Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS over control. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 3 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONFINDING FROM EXPERIMENT # 3: †¢ Sorghum water extract was more effective than sunflower water extract and combination of both these extracts performed better than their sole application. Cont†¦.. CONCLUSION I. Stem + root water extract suppressed weed density by 33% over control i. e. about half of the effects of herbicide â€Å"Logron† application (72%) in wheat. The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments was statistically at par with hand weeding and herbicide application.Although root WE alone and in combination with stem or leaf WE was more effective in suppressing weeds and improving wheat yields but using whole plant sorghum herbage seems more practicable. II. Incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and two times sprays of sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weig ht by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95 DAS. Maximum increase in wheat grain yield by 33% over control was recorded in plots where two times sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS.III. Sorghum WE was more effective than sunflower WE and mixture of sorghum and sunflower reduced weed density and weed dry weight by 27% and 26% over control respectively, and increased wheat yields by 48% over control. RECOMMENDATION †¢ The mixture of preceding allelopathic crop herbage use as mulch or water extract for weed management both for summer and winter crops need to be further investigated under different ecological zones of Pakistan. Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy [email  protected] com

The Voice You Hear Within

Oden 1 Jessica Oden Dr. Willis English Comp II February 20th 2013 The sound You give a focussing When You Read Silently in that respect are numerous works or art and literature that deal with champion of the most intriguing and mysterious phenomenons in the population, the human question. Like death, and the content of the heavens, it is a secret that understructure non be unlocked, and possibly the most personal and valuable secret. The mystery lies in the whimsicalness of the almost angiotensin-converting enzyme brain with specific dreams and ideas that so-and-so not be copied or equald.This constant discrimination makes stunning the mind basically impossible. on that point could be rooms filled with charts, diagrams, studies, and experiments to e trulyplacedue with the human mind, and probably are, but at that place is no control group and hence no definite answer can be reached. Even if an answer could be found, what is the question? The human mind is ince ssantly and simultaneously complex and simple, much interchangeable the songs of Thomas lux (Thomas sixty).In Luxs poem The Voice You memorize When You Read silently he attempts to inlet and identify unrivalled aspect of the constantly mysterious mind. That utterance go outd just now in the mind. The vocalism that remembers e precisething, that reflects integrity or lack there of, and finally that explains the innovation to one person only if, forever. The conversation between the minds character and minds eye is an intimate one that can not be overheard. lore is the transfer of information from the senses to the brain, and that ever comprise familiar verbalize is narrating the whole process.Everything moldn, smelled, tasted, etc is record into the brain, and this information provides the basis for the connotation of everything perceived from that point on, Oden 2 so that the perception of the world changes constantly and in take relation to how much exposure t here is to new and unfamiliar things. on that pointfore the parting of the mind is constantly growing and expanding and create a credit all of its own. This character of the mind is what Lux is harping on in his poem, by explaining that no translators can be the same.He explains that this internal monologuer has the ability to see situations in jaded way and therefore the person will see them that way also. Chelsea Craig defined this phenomenon in a very accurate and descriptive manner This mighty and moving region is enriched by my past, declares my present, and whitethorn even foretell what is to come. (Craig 3) She gave this comment subsequently reading Luxs work and ignoring it for some metre (Craig 3).When she revisited the poem, she found that it contained an inherent truth astir(predicate) herself and every some other human (Craig 3). Where does this voice of the mind reside? It searchs to be root in the subconscious, which is the area of the brain that processes our perceptions and makes them echt ideas that we can call upon and that sometime chance on themselves randomly to us in flashes and dreams. When these ideas finicky over from the sub- to the consciene, there is a voice there to explain it all to the perceive.Lux refers to this part of the mind as a dark duomo seeming to compare the human subconscious to a Blessed vessel of information that must be valued and cared for, and so out of this cathedral comes knowledge of a world that is laborious to find out even still. Reading is on of the best ways to stimulate the mind and feed your subconscious with the images and timbers revealed from the book. The feelings invoked my the writer, the images portrayed by the poet, are all decipher by a private, bias critical voice inside the mind.This voice is very discriminating and controlling. It will take the information provided and die hard it through many filters before opening move it up to the rest of your mind, which is does wit h bias and sagaciousness and opinion. This may seem unfair, but a person directly controls what their subconscious observes by controlling how much Oden 3 of the world they are willing to be opened to. The example that Lux gives in his poem to illustrate the differences in the mind from over person to the next.The vitamin B complex to one person could be a symbol of forego time from kids running around an fire field with an abandoned building, that brings feelings of curiosity and entrance from the children who saw it, to the parents of the children who see the barn as dangerous and ugly. The dreamers and seniors will have that some other idea of what a barn is. The expression Lux uses, a centripetal constellation is lit explains how that voice takes in everything that is perceive by all the senses and makes since of them, kindred the figurative descending of a light bulb above the head when an epiphany is reached or an idea is conceived (Lux).The sound of the voice of th e mind, though a figurative idea, is also beta and directly related to the person who owns that voice. In the first part of the poem, Lux repeats the contrive say in different forms, emphasizing with repeat that the mind can actually hear this voice and that the tone of it reflects and illustrates the connotation of the run-in world said (Lux). Each inner voice has its very own unique timbre, with its own unique accent derived from the experiences and actions of the person who conceived it.The poet used a noun to explain this idea, but alluded to the effect of stronger members of a sentence such as the verb or the subject. To take this part of the equations deeper, experience that the subject and verb makes the sentence. So to expand, if just the word barn can mean so many different things to different people, look at the entire sentence. Such as, for example, She was taken into the barn. This is a very simple sentence with immaterial words, but the inner voice can interpret it as the actions of a superstar or a villain.On the one hand, a farmer could be carrying a pregnant goat into the barn to be warm while she gives birth, on the other a stranger could be carrying a young girl into the barn with abomination intentions. None of this is given to the reader in the sentence and so this inner voice uses Oden 4 what it knows to guess at the implication of the sentence. The point of this poem is to uncover some of the mystery of the human mind, but seems to only illustrate that fact that it is infinitely mysterious. There is no way to hear another persons inner voice or understand the conceptions of another entirely.There are phrases such as I know how you feel, or I can relate that seem to imply otherwise, however these phrases are generalizations, and in and of themselves subject to the connotation given them by the inner voice. Does the person really understand or are they being mordacious? Do they really have a clue what the other person is feeling ? No, it is impossible to completely put their thought process cap on and hear the voice that whispers to them, interpreting the world and everything in it, separately for that person.Oden 51.Works Cited Lux, Thomas the Voice you hear when you read silently. ed. Vivian Garcia Edgar V. 2.Roberts Lehman cCollege The City University of novel York Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 5th compact edition, Longman 2012 Print. 3.Thomas Lux. poesy Foundation. Chicago, IL 2012 http//www. poetryfoundation. org/bio/thomas-lux Web. Craig, Chelsea. 4.Slow Down to Hear Your Inner Voice University of Wisconsin. 2012 Http//liberaleducation. uswa. edu/scholarship/2ndAnnual/Chelsea_Craig. pdf Web.